【2020-09-23】
@黄章晋ster 六岁的儿子不想让同学看到我骑电动车
九月一日,我们家老大成了小学生。
我不会开车,不能让孩子妈天天早起开车送他,我特意买了一辆电动车。
儿子看了新车很开心,特意让我载着他在外面转了半个小时。…展开全文c
@whigzhou: 儿童对地位线索的敏感让我想起女性对配偶出轨线索的敏感,两者都提示了相应社会关系结构的古老性。
@暗夜残照c: 小小年纪就被熏得如此支味
@whigzhou: 地位敏感是普遍的,跨文化的,文化差异在(more...)
【2020-09-23】
@黄章晋ster 六岁的儿子不想让同学看到我骑电动车
九月一日,我们家老大成了小学生。
我不会开车,不能让孩子妈天天早起开车送他,我特意买了一辆电动车。
儿子看了新车很开心,特意让我载着他在外面转了半个小时。…展开全文c
@whigzhou: 儿童对地位线索的敏感让我想起女性对配偶出轨线索的敏感,两者都提示了相应社会关系结构的古老性。
@暗夜残照c: 小小年纪就被熏得如此支味
@whigzhou: 地位敏感是普遍的,跨文化的,文化差异在(more...)
【2020-09-23】
@浓郁大提琴 姑娘们,为什么结婚一定要找富二代呢?在2011年找富二代,无异于在1891年找八旗二代,在1921年找财阀二代,在1951年找革命二代,在1981年找国企二代。其婚后十到二十年里就会面临辛亥革命、解放反右、文革和国企大规模下岗。人的一生没法预算,和你爱的人在一起吧,无论经历什么,有爱陪伴就不怕
@黄章晋ster: 一直记得这条微博。明年是十年,再过十年,就可以检验这姑娘说得对不对了。
@whigzhou: 不过,据 Gregory Clark的研究,无论怎么革命来革命去,从长时段统计看,任何一代出息者,其后代出息的几率总是远高于其他人,革命影响个体(more...)
【2019-10-20】
我觉得女性劳动参与率提高会降低阶层流动性,因为假如男性预期未来妻子是家庭妇女,择偶时就不会太在意其教育程度和潜在工资水平,反之,则会在这方面更assortative,从而提高阶层内婚比例,如图所示,工资收入Top10%的男性的配偶的工资收入也在Top10%里的比例自70年代以来一直在上升,同期女性劳动参与率也在提高,来源:How Assortative Mating Is Driving Income Inequality by Branko Milanovic

【2019-08-06】
@whigzhou: 这个故事太有意思了,作者是位以各种低端体力活为生的业余作家,已经做爷爷了,三十多年来经常给媒体写文章,大多发表在地方性报纸上,他也很多次尝试给全国性大报投稿,但总是不被接受,直到2007年突然投成了两篇(分别发在纽约时报和旧金山纪事报上),于是信心倍增,重新努力给大报投稿,可是又连连受挫,然后他仔细琢磨投成的两篇和其他有何区别,终于发现,原来悲伤/痛苦元素是关键,于是再度抖擞精神,努力挖掘自己生活中的悲苦经历,恰好那几年金融危(more...)
@whigzhou: 最近的美国藤校申请舞弊案里据说不少好莱坞明星,这和我的预期有所出入,我原以为体育明星会更多,因为我一直觉得,和其他上层精英相比,体育明星在社会地位传承问题上处境比较尴尬,这是因为体育界的禀赋-报酬对应关系十分特殊,(据我粗略观察)报酬随禀赋提高而上升的曲线形状呈反L形,即大部分区段很低平,右侧末尾段突然上翘,意味着只有像乔丹这样的极小一撮成为富人,其他都是普通中产者,这一特点,使得体育明星很难指望下一代保持与自己相近的社会地位。
(more...)【2018-09-19】
@whigzhou: 1971年的阿拉斯加土著权利主张解决法案(Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act)可能是有史以来最大规模的按人头发钱方案,8万土著得到了14亿美元现金(相当于今天的87亿)和18万平方公里土地(通过13家地区公司和200多家村级公司的股份持有),这些土地上不久前刚发现石油,两代人过去了,阿拉斯加土著的整体经济/社会状况(相对于其他美国人)是否提升了?我花了好几十分钟,没搜到贴切的资(more...)
【2018-05-24】
@海德沙龙 近代以来,文化潮流变幻更替的速度令人眼花缭乱,这些转变的后果只有在数十年后,即当初在潮流转变时的青少年逐渐长大(如果他们活下来了的话)、工作(如果他们想要并找到了工作的话)、结婚(如果他们想要并找到了配偶的话)、养育孩子(如果他们想要并生了孩子的话)……,才能看清,那么,发生于六七十年代的那次大转变,究竟留下了什么呢? 美国中产文化的衰微
@whigzhou: 本文最好配合Charles Murray 的 Coming (more...)
【2018-01-29】
1)在阶层分化的大型社会中,各阶层的文化边界是不一致的,上层文化的覆盖范围更广,
2)这是因为上层的交往、活动、通信、通婚、利益分布……范围都更广,
3)这意味着上层有着更宽阔的文化视野,包括更好的掌握较高层次上的通用语,
4)这使得上层更少表现出对外来文化和外族人的恐惧和排斥,
5)上述阶层差异会被人们(至少上层自己和有机会接触上层的下层人)普遍感知到,
6)因而这一差异可能成为社会地位的一种识别符号,
7)这一符号的(more...)
北欧的1%比美国的1%待遇更好
Scandinavia treats its 1% even better than the US
作者:Allison Schrager @ 2016-05-13
译者:Luis Rightcon(@Rightcon)
校对:沈沉(@你在何地-sxy)
来源:Quartz,http://qz.com/528594/scandinavia-treats-its-1-even-better-than-the-us/
Young voters in America are growing skeptical of their country’s brand of capitalism. Their enthusiasm for Bernie Sanders suggests they crave something different, a romanticized version of Nordic socialism, with its generous welfare state and high tax rates.
美国的年轻选民们正在逐渐对他们国家的资本主义招牌产生怀疑。他们对民主党总统候选人Bernie Sanders的热情暗示了他们渴求某种不同的东西,一种浪漫化的、慷慨大方的北欧式社会主义高税率福利国家。
It is true that Nordic countries have a more equal distribution of wealth and income. They also have 标签:
——海德沙龙·翻译组,致力于将英文世界的好文章搬进中文世界——
【2016-07-13】
1)影响幸福感主要因素是相对社会地位及地位之近期变动,可以几个指标衡量:社会阶梯的级数(N),个体所能感知到的级数(M),个体处于哪一级(P),最近之升降(C),
2)处于各级的人口比例是不均匀的,至少从中位阶梯(即,站在该级上的人,其地位不低于一半人口)往上,数量呈指数下降,
3)社会大型化和复杂化将增加总的级数N,
4)密集居住、高流动性、发达媒体,将增加个体所能感知到的级数M,
5)增加M会让一些人(X)感觉自己相对地位下降了,同时让另一些人(Y)感觉自己相对地位上升了,因为(2),(more...)
【2016-05-18】
1)美国向来是个平民社会,阶层分化度低,中产比例高,
2)长久以来,这也是其文化与政治特性的基础,这一点在战后繁荣期尤为显著,
3)但并没有什么原理确保他永远会这样,这更可能只是一种阶段性特征,而原因在于:
A)移民不断涌入使其人口结构非常新,
B)移民筛选机制,
C)边疆直到一百多年前才消失,
4)一旦边疆消失,人口结构稳定下来,在常规的社会选择/分化机制持续作用下,古老社会中所常见的那种阶层结构便会重新浮现,
5)所以Charles Murray(比如在(more...)
【2016-05-08】
@whigzhou: 现代邮政兴起之前,收信方付费是西欧私人通信中的普遍做法,有趣的是,这一惯例也是上流社会在他们和其他人之间建立无形屏障的一种手段,如果你不够有钱,就不敢混进他们的社交圈,因为连收信都收不起,在19世纪初的荷兰,一封信的收件费大约7stuivers(1stuiver=1/20盾),差不多是中下阶层一顿饭钱。
@whigzhou: 所以,若发信人预付了邮费,等于是在告诉收信人:(more...)
Your Ancestors, Your Fate
你的祖先,你的命运
作者:Gregory Clark @ 2014-2-21
翻译:Drunkplane(@Drunkplane-zny)
校对:慕白(@李凤阳他说)
来源:The New York Times,http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/21/your-fate-thank-your-ancestors/?_r=0
Inequality of income and wealth has risen in America since the 1970s, yet a large-scale research study recently found that social mobility hadn’t changed much during that time. How can that be?
美国社会的收入和财富不平等自1970年代就一直在攀升,然而近期一项大规模调查研究发现,社会的流动性在这段时间内并没有发生大的变化。怎么回事呢?
The study, by researchers at Harvard and Berkeley, tells only part of the story. It may be true that mobility hasn’t slowed — but, more to the point, mobility has always been slow.
这项由哈佛和伯克利大学进行的研究其实只讲述了整个故事的一个方面。是的,流动性也许并没有变得更低,但更关键的是,流动性一直就很低。
When you look across centuries, and at social status broadly measured — not just income and wealth, but also occupation, education and longevity — social mobility is much slower than many of us believe, or want to believe. This is true in Sweden, a social welfare state; England, where industrial capitalism was born; the United States, one of the most heterogeneous societies in history; and India, a fairly new democracy hobbled by the legacy of caste.
当你的目光扫过几个世纪,从更广义的度量标准审视社会地位这个概念——不仅仅是收入和财富,还包括职业、教育水平和寿命——你会发现社会流动性比我们许多人相信的,或希望的要低得多。在许多国家,比如瑞典(一个社会福利国家)、英国(工业资本主义诞生之地)、美国(历史上多样性最丰富的社会之一)、印度(一个受种姓制度拖累的年轻的民主国家),情况皆是如此。
Capitalism has not led(more...)
Over centuries, there is movement toward the mean, but it is slow. In three of the Royal Academies of Sweden, half of the members from 1740 to 1769 held one of the elite surnames in our sample; by 2010, only 4 percent did — but these surnames were held by just 0.7 percent of all Swedes, so they were still strongly overrepresented. In short, nearly 100 years of social democratic policies in Sweden, while creating a very egalitarian society, have failed to accelerate social mobility.
数世纪以来,均值回归化的趋势一直存在,但速度缓慢。在三所瑞典皇家学院,我们调查的样本人群中有一半在1740年至1769年间拥有一个精英姓氏;到2010年,这个比例仅为4%——但是全体瑞典人中只有0.7%的人拥有这些精英姓氏,所以精英姓氏的高代表率仍显得非常突出。简而言之,瑞典近100年的社会民主化政策虽然创造了一个平等主义的社会,却没能加速社会流动性。
What if we go back even further in time — to medieval England?
如果我们在时间上回溯得更远——到中世纪的英格兰,又会怎样呢?
We estimate that one-tenth of all surnames in contemporary England can be traced to the occupation of a medieval ancestor — names like Smith (the most common surname in the United States, England and Australia), Baker, Butler, Carter, Chamberlain, Cook, Shepherd, Stewart and Wright. Tax records suggest that most surnames became heritable by 1300.
我们估计十分之一的当今英格兰姓氏可以同其中世纪的祖先的职业联系起来——比如Smith(美国、英格兰和澳大利亚最常见的姓氏)、Baker、Butler、Carter、Chamberlain、Cook、Shepherd、Stewart and Wright。【译注:从Smith到Wright,这些姓氏分别对应着铁匠、烤面包师、管家、马车司机、封建领主的大管家、厨师、牧羊人、事务官、修船工。】税赋记录显示,大多数姓氏从1300年前后开始变成了可继承姓氏。
We compared the frequency of these common surnames in the population as a whole against elite groups, as drawn from several sources, including membership rolls at Oxford and Cambridge, dating as far back as 1170, and probate records from 1384 onward.
我们对比了人群中这些普通姓氏和精英姓氏出现的频率,数据来源有几个,包括最早追溯至1170年的牛津与剑桥录取名单,和1384年以来的遗嘱记录。
We found that late medieval England was no less mobile than modern England — contrary to the common assumption of a static feudal order. It took just seven generations for the successful descendants of illiterate village artisans of 1300 to be incorporated fully into the educated elite of 1500 — that is, the frequency of their names in the Oxbridge rolls reached the level around where it is today. By 1620, according to probate records, people with names like Butcher and Baker had nearly as much wealth as people with high-status surnames like Rochester and Radcliffe.
我们发现,中世纪晚期英格兰的社会流动性不比现代英国差——这和静止的封建秩序这一通常印象恰恰相反。公元1300年一个目不识丁的村夫的后代仅仅需要7代便可在1500年成为彻头彻尾的受过良好教育的精英分子——也就是说,他们的姓氏出现在牛津剑桥录取名单上的频率已经和今天差不多了。到1620年,根据遗嘱记录,有着像Butcher和Baker这样平民姓氏的人已经和有着诸如Rochester 和Radcliffe这种高贵姓氏的人一样富有了。
Take Chaucer. A commoner by birth — his name probably comes from the French word for shoemaker — he became a courtier, a diplomat and a member of Parliament, and his great-great-grandson was even briefly considered heir to the throne during the reign of Richard III.
比如著名的英国诗人乔叟(Chaucer),他出生在一个平凡的家庭——他的姓氏可能来自法语,意思是鞋匠——却成为了朝臣、外交家和国会议员。他的曾-曾孙甚至在理查三世时期被短暂地视作王位的继承人。
Of course, mobility, in medieval times as now, worked both ways. Just as Chaucer’s progeny prospered, other previously well-off families declined. The medieval noble surname Cholmondeley was, by the 19th century, held by a good number of farm laborers.
当然,不管是在中世纪还是当代,社会流动性都是双向的。当乔叟的后代们飞黄腾达时,其他曾经辉煌的家族也在衰落。中世纪时的贵族姓氏Cholmondeley到了19世纪,已为许多农民拥有。
In any generation, happy accidents (including extraordinary talent) will produce new high-status families. It is impossible to predict which particular families are likely to experience such boosts. What is predictable is what the path to elite status will look like, and the path back to the mean. Both happen at a very slow pace.
在任何时代,天上掉下的馅饼(包括超凡的天才)都可以成就新的上层家族。预测具体哪些家庭会碰上这样的运气是不可能的。可以预测的是通向精英阶层的道路和重回平民阶级的道路。两个方向的流动都非常缓慢。
For all the creative destruction unleashed by capitalism, the industrial revolution did not accelerate mobility. Looking at 181 rare surnames held by the wealthiest 15 percent of English and Welsh people in the mid-19th century — to be clear, these were not the same elite surnames as in the medieval era — we found that people with these surnames who died between 1999 and 2012 were more than three times as wealthy as the average person.
虽然资本主义带来了种种创造性破坏,但工业革命并没有加速社会流动。举例来说,19世纪中期英格兰和威尔士最富有的15%的人当中,有181个贵族姓氏(当然,这些姓氏与中世纪的精英姓氏已有不同),我们发现,在1999年到2012年间死亡的拥有这些姓氏的人士的财富是普通人的三倍还多。
If your surname is rare, and someone with that surname attended Oxford or Cambridge around 1800, your odds of being enrolled at those universities are nearly four times greater than the average person. This slowness of mobility has persisted despite a vast expansion in public financing for secondary and university education, and the adoption of much more open and meritocratic admissions at both schools.
如果你的姓氏很少见,而且拥有你的姓氏的人在1800年进入了牛津或剑桥,那么你被这两所大学录取的几率就比普通人高三倍。尽管对中学和大学教育的公共开支大幅增加,而且两所大学的录取条件也已变得更加公开、更加以实力为考量,但社会流动缓慢状况仍在继续。
What about America, the self-proclaimed land of opportunity?
那么美国,这个自诩“机会的国度”,其情况又如何呢?
We selected a sampling of high- and low-status American surnames. The elite ones were held by descendants of Ivy League alumni who graduated by 1850, exceptionally wealthy people with rare surnames in 1923-24 (when public inspection of income-tax payments was legal) and Ashkenazi Jews. The low-status names were associated with black Americans whose ancestors most likely arrived as slaves, and the descendants of French colonists in North America before 1763.
我们挑选了一些代表社会上层和下层的姓氏作为样本。上层姓氏的拥有者们一部分是1850年毕业的常青藤校友的后代,他们是绝对的富人,在1923-24年拥有少见的姓氏(那时对个人所得税支付情况进行公开检查仍是合法的),另一部分则是阿什肯纳兹犹太人。下层姓氏的拥有者则是美国黑人和1763年前在北美的法国殖民者的后裔,前者的祖先大多以奴隶的身份来到美国。
We chose only surnames closely correlated with these subgroups — for example, Rabinowitz for American Jews, and Washington for black Americans.
我们只选择与上述背景紧密相关的姓氏——比如,Rabinowitz代表了美国犹太人,而Washington则是典型的美国黑人。
We used two indicators of social status: the American Medical Association’s directory of physicians and registries of licensed attorneys, along with their dates of registration, in 25 states, covering 74 percent of the population.
我们采纳了两个衡量社会地位的指标:美国医学协会的内科医生名录和执业律师注册名单,以及注册时间,调查覆盖25个州,涵盖了此类人口的74%。
In the early to mid-20th century we found the expected regression toward the mean for all of these groups, except for Jews and blacks — which reflects the reality of quotas that had barred Jews from many elite schools, and of racial segregation, which was not fully outlawed until the 1960s.
我们发现,在20世纪初期至中叶,所有这些群体都如预想那样出现了均值回归的情形,只有犹太人和黑人除外——这反应了当时的现实状况:一是配额制限制了犹太人进入许多精英学校的机会,二是种族隔离,直到1960年代种族隔离才被全面视作非法。
Starting in the 1970s, Jews began, over all, a decline in social status, while blacks began a corresponding rise, at least as measured by the doctors’ directory. But both trends are very slow. At the current rate, for example, it will be 300 years before Ashkenazi Jews cease to be overrepresented among American doctors, and even 200 years from now the descendants of enslaved African-Americans will still be underrepresented.
从1970年代起,整体而言犹太人的社会地位开始下降,而黑人的社会地位则相应地开始上升,至少医生名录反映出的状况如此。但这两种趋势都十分缓慢。比方说,按现在的速度,得过300年后,阿什肯纳兹犹太人在美国医生群体中的过度代表情形才会消失,甚至200年后,曾为奴隶的非洲裔美国人的后代在医生群体中仍将存在代表不足的情形。
Family names tell you, for better or worse, a lot: The average life span of an American with the typically Jewish surname Katz is 80.2 years, compared with 64.6 years for those with the surname Begay (or Begaye), which is strongly associated with Native Americans. Heberts, whites of New France descent, live on average three years less than Dohertys, whites of Irish descent.
不管是好是坏,姓氏总是包含有大量信息:拥有典型的犹太姓氏Katz的美国人,其平均寿命是80.2岁,与此相对的则是拥有Begay(或是Begaye)这一与美洲土著紧密相关的姓氏的人,他们平均寿命只有64.6岁。新法兰西殖民地的白人后代比爱尔兰白人后代平均少活3年,前者的典型姓名是Hebert,而后者往往姓Doherty。
But to be clear, we found no evidence that certain racial groups innately did better than others. Very high-status groups in America include Ashkenazi Jews, Egyptian Copts, Iranian Muslims, Indian Hindus and Christians, and West Africans. The descendants of French Canadian settlers don’t suffer racial discrimination, but their upward mobility, like that of blacks, has been slow.
不过要澄清的是,我们发现并没有证据显示某些种族天生就比其他种族过得好。在美国拥有非常高社会地位的族群包括阿什肯纳兹犹太人、埃及科普特人、伊朗穆斯林、来自印度的印度教徒和基督徒,以及西非移民。法裔加拿大移民的后裔并没有种族歧视的烦恼,但同黑人一样,他们向社会上层的流动一直很缓慢。
Chen (a common Chinese surname) is of higher status than Churchill. Appiah (a Ghanaian surname) is higher than Olson (or Olsen), a common white surname of average status. Very little information about status can be surmised by the most common American surnames — the top five are Smith, Johnson, Williams, Brown and Jones, which all originated in England — because they are held by a mix of whites and blacks.
姓Chen(常见的华裔姓氏)的比姓Churchill的社会地位高。姓Appiah(常见加纳姓氏)的比姓Olson(或Olsen)的社会地位高,后者是常见的普通白人的姓氏。从美国最常见的姓氏中很难得出关于社会地位的信息(前五位的姓氏是Smith、Johnson、Williams、Brown和Jones,他们都源自英格兰),因为这些人中有白人也有黑人。
Our findings were replicated in Chile, India, Japan, South Korea and, surprisingly, China, which stands out as a demonstration of the resilience of status — even after a Communist revolution nearly unparalleled in its ferocity, class hatred and mass displacement.
我们的发现在智利、印度、日本、韩国和中国都得到了印证。在中国的惊人发现向我们清晰地展示了社会地位的难以撼动,即便是在一场共产主义革命之后(其残暴程度、阶级仇恨的强度和人口迁移规模前所未有),情形仍是如此。
Hundreds of thousands of relatively prosperous mainland Chinese fled to Taiwan with the Nationalists in the late 1940s. Under Communist agrarian reform, as much as 43 percent of all land was seized and redistributed. The Cultural Revolution of 1966-76 saw purges of scholars and other former elites and “class enemies.”
1940年代末期,数百万大陆居民随国民党逃到台湾,他们都是相对富裕的中国人。中共的土地革命夺取了43%的土地并将其重新分配。1966年至1976年的文化大革命对学者、其他前社会精英分子以及“阶级敌人”进行了大清洗。
In China, there are only about 4,000 surnames; the 100 most common are held by nearly 85 percent of the population. Yet we were able to identify 13 rare surnames that were exceptionally overrepresented among successful candidates in imperial examinations in the 19th century. Remarkably, holders of these 13 surnames are disproportionately found now among professors and students at elite universities, government officials, and heads of corporate boards. Social mobility in the Communist era has accelerated, but by very little. Mao failed.
在中国,总共只有大约4,000种姓氏,其中最常见的100个占了85%的人口。不过我们仍选出了13种罕见姓氏,拥有这些姓氏的人在19世纪的科举考试成功者中的过度代表情形十分突出。在今天,这13个姓氏的拥有者在教授、名牌大学的学生、政府官员和公司高管中的占比也较高。在共产主义的时代,中国的社会流动性曾得到提升,但十分微弱。毛泽东的努力失败了。
These findings may surprise two groups that are often politically opposed: those who believe that certain “cultures” are higher-achieving than others and those who attribute success to family resources and social networks.
这些发现可能会让两种人吃惊,而这两种人通常在政见上互相对立:一是那些相信某些“文化”能比其他文化取得更大成就的人,二是那些将成功归因为家族资源和社会关系的人。
Culture is a nebulous category and it can’t explain the constant regression of family status — from the top and the bottom. High-status social groups in America are astonishingly diverse. There are representatives from nearly every major religious and ethnic group in the world — except for the group that led to the argument for culture as the foundation of social success: white European Protestants. Muslims are low-status in much of India and Europe, but Iranian Muslims are among the most elite of all groups in America.
文化这个范畴太过含糊不清,并不能解释家族地位的均值回归——不管是从高处回归还是从低处回归。美国上层社会群体是非常多元化的,这一点相当令人吃惊。在这些拥有较高社会地位的人中,你可以找到全世界几乎所有主要宗教和种族的代表——但没有来自欧洲的白人新教徒,这一群体往往被拿来佐证文化是取得社会成功的基础。穆斯林在印度和欧洲的大部分地区都处在社会底层,但是伊朗穆斯林却是美国最精英的群体之一。
Family resources and social networks are not irrelevant. Evidence has been found that programs from early childhood education to socioeconomic and racial classroom integration can yield lasting benefits for poor children. But the potential of such programs to alter the overall rate of social mobility in any major way is low. The societies that invest the most in helping disadvantaged children, like the Nordic countries, have produced absolute, commendable benefits for these children, but they have not changed their relative social position.
家族资源和人脉并不是无关的。有证据显示,从早期的儿童教育到社会经济和种族的一体化教育,这样的项目能够为贫穷家庭的孩子带来持续的好处。但是此类项目提高社会流动性的潜力都是很低的。那些煞费苦心帮助条件不利儿童的社会,比如北欧的国家,已经取得了明显的、可圈可点的益处,但都没能改变这些儿童的相对社会地位。
The notion of genetic transmission of “social competence” — some mysterious mix of drive and ability — may unsettle us. But studies of adoption, in some ways the most dramatic of social interventions, support this view.
“社会竞争力”——某种神秘的内驱力和能力的混合体——能够通过基因遗传,这一想法也许会让我们感到不安。但是对领养(在某些方面这可谓是最激烈的社会干预行为了)的研究却支持这一观点。
A number of studies of adopted children in the United States and Nordic countries show convincingly that their life chances are more strongly predicted from their biological parents than their adoptive families. In America, for example, the I.Q. of adopted children correlates with their adoptive parents’ when they are young, but the correlation is close to zero by adulthood. There is a low correlation between the incomes and educational attainment of adopted children and those of their adoptive parents.
对美国和北欧被领养小孩的一些调查研究极有说服力地表明,从这些小孩的生物学父母——而非他们的养父母身上——的情况更能预测出他们的生活境遇。比如在美国,被领养小孩的智商在他们还小时同他们的养父母相关,但是当他们成年了,这种相关性就接近于0了。被领养孩子的收入和受教育程度同他们养父母的相关性不大。
These studies, along with studies of correlations across various types of siblings (identical twins, fraternal twins, half siblings) suggest that genetics is the main carrier of social status.
上述研究,加上对不同类型的兄弟姐妹(同卵双胞胎、异卵双胞胎、同母异父或同父异母)之间相关性的研究,都表明基因是决定社会地位的主要因素。
If we are right that nature predominates over nurture, and explains the low rate of social mobility, is that inherently a tragedy? It depends on your point of view.
如果真是大自然主导了出人头地的机会,并且是低社会流动性的罪魁祸首,那岂不是说,从根本上而言,这就是一个悲剧?这要看你怎么想。
The idea that low-status ancestors might keep someone down many generations later runs against most people’s notions of fairness. But at the same time, the large investments made by the super-elite in their kids — like those of the Manhattan hedge-funders who spend a fortune on preschool — are of no avail in preventing long-run downward mobility.
来自社会底层的祖先会让某人在时隔许多代以后仍然处在社会底层,这样的观点与大多数人对公平的理解相抵触。但同时,上层精英对孩子们的大量投资——比如对学前教育一掷千金的曼哈顿对冲基金经理们——并不能阻止子孙们在长久的时间跨度中社会地位的衰落。
Our findings do suggest that intermarriage among people of different strata will raise mobility over time. India, we found, has exceptionally low mobility in part because religion and caste have barred intermarriage. As long as mating is assortative — partners are of similar social status, regardless of ethnic, national or religious background — social mobility will remain low.
我们的发现确实表明不同社会地位的人通婚会在长期内增加社会流动性。我们发现印度的社会流动性异常之低,部分原因便是宗教和种姓制度阻碍了这种通婚。只要婚姻奉行“非同类不婚”原则——拥有相似的社会地位,不管其种族、国籍或是宗教背景如何——社会流动性就会一直处在低水平。
As the political theorist John Rawls suggested in his landmark work “A Theory of Justice” (1971), innate differences in talent and drive mean that, to create a fair society, the disadvantages of low social status should be limited. We are not suggesting that the fact of slow mobility means that policies to lift up the lives of the disadvantaged are for naught — quite the opposite. Sweden is, for the less well off, a better place to live than the United States, and that is a good thing. And opportunities for people to flourish to the best of their abilities are essential.
政治理论家罗尔斯在他里程碑式著作《正义论》(1971年)中提出,才干和内驱力的先天差异意味着,要创造一个公平的社会,卑微出身带来的不利需要予以限制。我们不是暗示社会流动性低这一事实意味着那些帮助处于不利地位的人的政策就是徒劳的——恰恰相反。瑞典,对生活并不宽裕的人来说,是个比美国更好的选择,而这是好事。让人们有机会最大限度地发挥他们的能力是至关重要的。
Large-scale, rapid social mobility is impossible to legislate. What governments can do is ameliorate the effects of life’s inherent unfairness. Where we will fall within the social spectrum is largely fated at birth. Given that fact, we have to decide how much reward, or punishment, should be attached to what is ultimately fickle and arbitrary, the lottery of your lineage.
大范围的、快速的社会流动是无法通过立法来实现的。政府能做的是削弱先天不公平所带来的后果。我们会处在阶层光谱的哪个位置,基本上在我们出生时就已经决定了。基于这一事实,我们必须决定的是,由“族谱彩票”这一终归是无情而武断的因素所决定的赏罚额该有多大。
(编辑:辉格@whigzhou)
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身份焦虑也是繁荣的动力
辉格
2013年12月28日
我从未料到会有这样一本书,它谈论的是美国社会,其中观点却更适用于当前中国社会,但保罗·福塞尔(Paul Fussell)出版于1983年的《格调》(Class: A Guide Through the American Status System),却恰恰是这样;他对美国中产阶级身份焦虑的刻薄描绘,至少在今天看来已相当过时,而他所推崇的“另类”生活态度,则随着自由职业群体的扩大和“蜜罐一代”的成年,也早已算不上另类。
倒是在中国,我们随处都能真切感受到他所描绘的(more...)
【2013-11-21】
@whigzhou: http://t.cn/8kz41TI 在经济衰退时,60%的失业者属于中产阶级。在经济复苏时,新增就业中有73%属于低收入工作……高盛发现,尽管美国中产阶级空心化所言不虚,但是这绝非只发生在经济衰退后。在历次经济衰退中,中产阶级就业岗位急剧减少;但在经济复苏时,中产阶级就业并没有急剧反弹
@whigzhou: 这说明,被机器和流程优化所挤掉的,主要是中等技能的工作岗位
@whigzhou: 比如电子商务,消灭了大批需要经验的店员、客服、推销员、销售经理,同时增加了一批不需要多少技能的快递员、配货工、搬运工
@whigzh(more...)