【2021-04-18】
我发现有两个话题经常被搅合起来,不加区别的用AI来涵盖,一个是机器智能,一个是类人智能,机器智能在某些方面早就很强大了,早已远远超出肉人,包括记忆力,记忆容量,某些类型的运算速度,符号处理的精确性,能够驾驭的模型规模与复杂度,某些模式识别能力,某些推理能力,某些博弈能力……
可是,如果我们以*能够多么逼真的模仿人类智能*这个标准来评价,那么目前为止任何系统都还差的太远,
把这两个概念搅合起来的结果是,很多人会以前者的神速进步来预测后者的近期前景,或(more...)
【2021-04-18】
我发现有两个话题经常被搅合起来,不加区别的用AI来涵盖,一个是机器智能,一个是类人智能,机器智能在某些方面早就很强大了,早已远远超出肉人,包括记忆力,记忆容量,某些类型的运算速度,符号处理的精确性,能够驾驭的模型规模与复杂度,某些模式识别能力,某些推理能力,某些博弈能力……
可是,如果我们以*能够多么逼真的模仿人类智能*这个标准来评价,那么目前为止任何系统都还差的太远,
把这两个概念搅合起来的结果是,很多人会以前者的神速进步来预测后者的近期前景,或(more...)
【2021-02-23】
经济史家里,除了加州学派那一窝之外,还有个名气很大却又特别垃圾的人,Robert Fogel,就是1993年和Douglass North分得诺奖的那位,当年让他一举成名的研究,是铁路对米国经济的影响,其结论可谓惊世骇俗:铁路的影响小到可以忽略,
看到这么颠覆性的结论,我很自然会以为,肯定有什么特别独到的方法揭示了某种隐藏特别深的事实吧,仔细一看,差点没把我隔夜饭喷出来,
结论怎么来的呢?他发明了一个概念叫社会节省(social savings),意思是,某一时(more...)
【2021-01-22】
我觉得,目前旨在突破 Big Tech 垄断的各种努力,好像都没走对路子,他们都试图建立与巨头直接竞争的、且与之互斥的平行应用,这么做成功的希望十分渺茫,因为这些巨头的垄断地位来自网络效应,一旦取得压倒性的市场份额,新来者就很难撼动其地位,因为绝大多数用户不想在一个小圈圈里打滚,否则他们也不会上社交网了,
依我看,更有希望成功的战略,是用一个更加开放的体系,把已经占据垄断地位的那些应用包进来,比如,既有的tw用户在转向你的应用后,他在tw上已经建立的关系网原封不(more...)
【2020-12-20】
读了 Lewis Dartnell 的《世界重启》(The Knowledge: How to Rebuild Our World from Scratch),作者给出了一个巨灾之后如何以最快捷的速度重建文明的方案,读序言的时候我挺振奋的,感觉这是个很好的思想实验,沿着它一路想下来,不仅可以帮助我们理解文明历程是如何走过来的,也会对支撑文明的一层层基础元素有更清楚的认识,其实早先我也想过这个问题,说不定等我老了也会写一本。
而且作者的设定也比较简洁,没有采用其他同类作品中诸如核大战或小行星撞地球之类的起因,而是选择了一场大瘟疫消灭99.99%人口这一设定,这样起始条件就很清楚,避开了各种很可能让讨论无法进行下去的困难。
不幸的是,我最初的好(more...)
【2020-12-14】
纸张由东向西传播的过程中经历了重大改造,否则传播就不会发生,中国纸适合毛笔书写和雕版印刷,但不适合中东的芦管笔和欧洲的鹅毛笔,一是会被刮破,二是墨迹会化开,关键的改造是上胶,先是阿拉伯人用淀粉上胶,后是意大利人施以明胶。(据 John Gaudet《法老的宝藏》)
【2020-12-07】
有一门生意可能不久后便会出现(或者已经有了?),比如你想去伦敦街头逛逛,又懒得跑那么远,或者不想花这钱,好办,通过某个交易平台,从某位伦敦人那里租个机器人,这机器人不需要多聪明,会走路就行,头上有一部全景摄像仪,其指向随你的头部转动而变,而行走方向与速度则通过一个手柄控制(要求不高的话键盘控制也无妨),速度可以分步行、脚踏车和汽车三档,同理,如果你想从空中游览,就租个无人机(不过这个目前信号覆盖可能有点困难),简单说就是(more...)
【2020-09-26】
这两天又听到一些人在高谈阔论火星殖民,烦死了,所以我决定报复一下社会,也烦上几句:
1)现阶段往火星送人毫无意义,除非把这当作豪华葬礼,
2)不过送些机器过去,看看能让它们做出点什么有意思的事情,甚至为遥远未来送人做点铺垫,倒不是不可能,
3)考虑到巨大的通信延迟,这些机器必须有相当高的自我维护、自主行动和自行探索能力,
4)为了最有效的探索可能性空间,事先最好不要对它们的行动模式和任务做太多限定,只设定一些粗略的大目标,比如,去找找新矿石,挖个洞,凿几块立方体石头,砌堵墙,(more...)
【2020-09-08】
斯文赫定游记给我印象较深的几个点,随便记一下:
1)除了其他,语言天赋是他成功的很大帮助,
2)当时欧洲对他可能获取的地理知识的需求极为旺盛,既有列强出于军政外交考虑的需求,也有知识界和大众的需求,所以(A)他的考察报告出版商抢着要,而且篇幅巨大,每次动辄十几卷,(B)很容易获得赞助和支持,而且都来自列强最高层,(C)每次回去都被各国地理学会请去巡回演讲,从这些可以看出驱动其冒险事业的激励所在,
3)所以他的旅行一次比一次财力雄厚(其中很大笔资助来自大财主诺贝尔),名气也一次比一次大,后几(more...)
【2020-07-29】
1812-15年的英美战争好像完全是因为通信速度太慢才打起来的,当时英国以枢密院令(Orders in Council)对法国实施禁运,阻止中立国商船前往法国港口,激怒了美国,可是,就在美国宣战前几天,英国外交部已经通知国会准备暂停执行枢密院令,一周后,枢密院令被正式撤销,问题是,在当时的通信条件下,这一信息无法及时传达给美国人。
而同时,美国的宣战决定41天后才传到伦敦,英国闻讯后,起初只采取了一些较克制的措施,不想把事情闹大,另一方面,撤销枢密院令的消息向西走的更慢,50天后才传到麦迪逊耳朵里,但此时,他已不愿收手,因为他知道此时伦敦已得到宣战的消息,而他不知道伦敦的反应会是什么,故而不想放弃先手优势。
The British made thei(more...)
The British made their greatest concession to the United States in June 1812. On 16 June 1812, two days before the United States declaration of war, Lord Castlereagh, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs announced in Parliament that the Order in Council would be suspended.[2]
On the very day that the Minister took his formal leave from the United States[clarification needed], 23 June 1812, a new British Government headed by Lord Liverpool provisionally repealed the Order in Council.[3]
Forty-one days after the United States Congress declared war, the news reached London on 29 July 1812. Two days later, the Ministry ordered its first counter-measures. It forbade British ships to sail except in convoys, and restrained American ships in British ports. The Orders in Council had been repealed on 23 June 1812, but the ministers did not intend to take additional measures until they could learn the American reaction. Word of the repeal of the Orders did not reach President James Madison until 12 August 1812, some fifty days later. Even then he refused to halt hostilities because he did not know how Britain had reacted to the declaration of war.[4]
我在一篇旧文中也曾讲过,1879年的祖鲁战争也是因为通信迟缓才打起来的,殖民部根本不想打,可是以当时的通信节奏,殖民部无法从伦敦有效的指挥驻地长官的行动,更有趣的是,这一状况其实很快就要改变了,当时电报线已经铺到德班,只是还没铺到开普敦。【2019-07-23】
自行车的发明历史好像比汽车更有趣,因为没有一个现成的模仿对象(不像汽车有四轮马车作为原型起点),所以早期设计思路五花八门,而且方向似乎都被马车带歪了(就像飞行器的早期构思都被鸟类的扑翼带歪了),前后二轮结构是个大突破,但最初对其平衡性好像也没信心,所以连踏板都没有,是靠双脚摩擦地面推动的……
食物与人类#6:向下开拓
辉格
2018年7月19日
人类是顶级捕食者,意思是没有其他生物将人类作为经常性捕食对象和重要食物来源[1],这意味着,我们的人口规模仅受食物资源的限制,相比之下,那些既捕食其他生物,也被其他生物捕食的动物,其种群规模就既可能受食物资源限制,也可能被捕食者的种群规模所压制,究竟哪个限制构成了人口瓶颈,随具体条件而异。
人类不仅在食物链上处于顶级,还常常有能力系统性的清除同生态位下的竞争者,比如狩猎者和畜牧者常猎杀狮子和狼,主要不是为了吃它们的肉,而是要消除竞争,这就进一步将人口瓶颈转向了食物资源的稀缺性(而不是天敌或竞争者)。
而且人类还是高度机会主义的杂食动物,当人口增长导致一种食物过度稀缺时,我们就转而开发新的食物源,从而不断突破环境条件施加于人口的限制,直至所有资源都已充分利用,人口才在均衡水平附近稳定下来——当然,由瘟疫和气候变化等外部因素所造成的中短期波动在所难免。
可是,假如食物与人口的故事就这么简单,那么人口规模应该早就达到均衡水平了,而不是像过去几万年历史所展示的那样,一次又一次登上新台阶;因为指数式增长的威力极为惊人,当食物资源不构成限制时,只须小几千年,暴增的人口即可填满任何大陆,一万七千年前跨过白令地峡的移民最多不过百来人,但两三千年后便已铺满整个美洲大陆。
人类人口之所以能够持续数万年的阶梯式增长,是因为,得益于强大的认知能力和保存与传承知识的文化系统,我们始终在开发新的觅食技术,这些新技术要么让我们得以利用此前无法利用的新食源,要么提升了对旧食源的利用效率,特别是从旧石器晚期的认知革命以来,技术创新骤然加速,人类食谱也随之而大幅改变,而每次改变都将人口极限推上一个新台阶。
人口极简史(more...)
【2018-03-30】
@whigzhou: 虽然我向来不看好比特币作为货币的前景,但我认为区块链是好东西,它很可能为未来去中心化网络的发展提供一个重要基础,虽然p2p不一定需要区块链,但区块链的引入可以为它带来许多高级特性。
云计算浪潮之后,p2p似乎已成了过时的概念,但依我看,目前平台集中化的趋势发展到一定程度必定会出现越来越多的幺蛾子,日益不满人们会尝试另辟天地,而p2p无疑是最佳的alternative,到那(more...)
【2018-03-14】
@whigzhou: 大约十五六年前,我曾梦想过一部完美的电子书阅读器,那么多年过去了,连个稍稍相似的影子都没出现,虽然技术条件早已全部成立,理由如今想起来很简单,别看图书销量这么大,真正爱读书的人其实很少。
BTW,我的梦想阅读器是这样的:
两个窗口,一个主窗口,显示当前正在阅读的书页,一个辅助窗口,显示当前读者就当前书页之内容最可能查询的任何相关信息,比如生词,专有名词,维基词条,地图,图(more...)
【2017-05-02】
@whigzhou: 铁取代青铜可能从两方面削弱了对长距离贸易的需求:1)铁矿分布广泛,2)青铜的两种主原料铜和锡很少共存一地,而冶铁只须一种矿物。这一削弱,加上铁器的廉价易得,或许部分解释了青铜文明在地中海世界的崩溃,因为铁器普及让旧精英阶层对矿产地和贸易路线的控制变得一文不值,也不再能独占武器优势。
@太文公_96861: 廉价技术普及进而贵族精英阶层遭受打击。步兵取代骑士好像也这样。是不是伴随着政治平民化(more...)
Why Aren’t America’s Shipping Ports Automated?
美国的航运港口为何没有实现自动化?
作者:Flexport @ 2015-9-30
译者:Veidt(@Veidt)
校对:小聂(@PuppetMaster)
来源:Priceonomics,http://priceonomics.com/why-arent-americas-shipping-ports-automated/
The massive cranes that sit at the Port of Oakland are veritable money-printing machines.
那些坐落在加州奥克兰港的巨型起重机都称得上是名副其实的印钞机。
As ships coming from Asia dock in the San Francisco Bay, these industrial behemoths quickly usher goods-bearing containers off the deck and onto land. Modern container ships are filled with thousands of containers. At peak efficiency, a single crane can remove about 40 of these per hour — and for each one they unload, companies moving containerized cargo are charged a terminal handling fee of around $300.
随着来自亚洲的船只驶入旧金山湾,这些巨型工业设备迅速开始将装满货物的集装箱从货轮的甲板上卸到岸上。现代的集装箱货轮中装载着数以千计的集装箱。在最高工作效率之下,一台起重机每小时能从船上卸下大约40个集装箱——对于它卸下的每个集装箱,运送集装箱货物的公司需要向港口交纳大约300美元的码头作业费。
But in many ways, the Port of Oakland, and most American ports in general, are some of the most technologically antiquated in the world. While many high-wage, developed countries have embraced and integrated automation in the process of moving shipping containers, Oakland has shied away from more technologically advanced solutions.
但是在许多方面,奥克兰港以及美国的大多数港口实际上都排在世界上技术最陈旧的港口之列。当许多高工资的发达国家热情拥抱自动化技术,并将其整合到装卸货运集装箱的流程中时,奥克兰港却回避了那些技术上更先进的解决方案。
A port terminal recently opened in Rotterdam, in the Netherlands tells a different story: almost every part of the process of unloading containers is handled by software, and office workers remotely control the cranes over their computers. Some have called the operation the world’s most advanced container-ship terminal.
最近在荷兰鹿特丹开放的一个港口码头则讲述了一个完全不同的故事:在卸载集装箱的流程中,几乎所有的部分都是由计算机软件操作完成的,坐在办公室里的工人通过他们的电脑远程操纵起重机。有人称其为世界上最先进的集装箱船码头。
Comparing the ports of Oakland and Rotterdam shows just how far American ports are lagging when it comes to automation.
对奥克兰港(more...)
The machinery of these three components (gantry cranes, transport vehicles, and stacking cranes) can be operated either by humans or software. In Oakland, like most of the United States, all three are operated by humans. But the reality is that software automation can not only make this process faster and safer, but available at a lower variable cost.
这三部分的机械装置(龙门起重机,运输车和堆垛起重机)既可人工操作,也可以由软件来操作。在奥克兰港,与美国的大多数港口一样,全部三个部分都是人工操作的。但事实是,软件自动化不仅能让这些流程更加安全快速,而且可变成本也更低。
While the process of automation hasn’t yet started in the Port of Oakland, Rotterdam began implementing port automation back in the 1990s. After investing hundreds of millions of dollars, Rotterdam’s port boasts an operation in which all stacking cranes that pile up the containers and transport vehicles are run by software.
奥克兰港直到今天还没有开启港口自动化的进程,而鹿特丹港早在上世纪九十年代就已经开始实施港口的自动化运作了。在投入了数亿美元资金后,鹿特丹港骄傲地向人们展示了新的操作流程,在该流程中,所有负责堆放集装箱的堆垛起重机以及运输车辆都是由软件操控的。
This is a far cry from Oakland, where every transport vehicle has a driver and each stack crane has multiple operators working in pairs for a single shift as well as dockman and clerks to help coordinate and direct the operators and vehicle flow within the container yard.
而奥克兰港的情况则与此相去甚远,在奥克兰港,每辆运输车都有一名司机,而每台堆垛起重机在进行一次搬运时都需要多名操作员结对工作,此外还需要码头工人和一些记录员在集装箱堆场内帮助协调引导操作员和运输车流。
The most difficult part of the port to automate is the gantry crane, which plucks the container from the ship—partly due to the extreme potential danger involved. At most ports, before a container can be removed from a ship, a human must unlock the lower container lock; in a fully-automated system, there exists the omnipresent risk that a completely robotic gantry crane might not notice the human who unlocked the container.
在整个港口机械中最难自动化的部分是龙门起重机,它负责从货船上吊起集装箱——之所以难以自动化,其中的部分原因是这种操作中蕴含着极大的潜在危险。在大多数的港口,集装箱在能够被从货船上吊走之前,一名操作员必须人工解开集装箱下端的锁;而在一个全自动化的系统中则存在一种无处不在的风险,就是一个完全自动化的龙门起重机可能不会注意到负责人工将集装箱解锁的那名操作员。
However, many vessels have started to convert towards automatic locking and unlocking equipment that eliminates the need for a person to climb amongst the stacks of containers on a vessel and unlock containers before they are unloaded. In an automated system, humans would only need to interact with the equipment in this setting if there was a malfunction with the locking mechanism and bringing attention to a safety stoppage until the malfunction is addressed. Ultimately, this lends further support to the safety benefits to increased levels of automation.
然而,很多货船已经开始转向自动化的集装箱锁定和解锁设备,以消除对那些需要在船上成堆的集装箱中攀爬并在集装箱被卸载之前为其解锁的操作员的需求。在一个自动化的系统中,人们只需要在锁定机制发生故障时与这套设置中的设备进行交互,请求系统关注并启动安全停工机制,直到故障被排除。最终,这种机制通过带来更多的安全收益为更高水平的自动化赢得了更多的支持。
In Oakland, teams of humans operate on-site gantry cranes. In the newest terminal at Rotterdam, however, a single person who operates this crane sits in an office and controls the machine from his or her computer. A person is still operating the controls of the gantry crane, but that person now has software assisting him, making the job more comfortable, easier, and more productive.
在奥克兰港,龙门起重机是由一队队的工人操作的。而在鹿特丹港最新的码头,一台龙门起重机唯一的操作员坐在办公室里通过电脑来控制这台机器。龙门起重机仍然需要一个人来操控,但这名操作员现在有了软件的协助,这使得这项工作变得更轻松,更舒服,同时也更有效率。
At a build cost of over $535 million, the Rotterdam port is now considered the most advanced in the world, with all three major parts of the container moving process automated. In Rotterdam’s other terminals, almost every single transport vehicle and stacking crane are fully automated.
鹿特丹港新集装箱码头的建造成本超过了5.35亿美元,它被认为是目前世界上最先进的集装箱码头,流程中所有的三个主要部分全都已经自动化了。而在鹿特丹港的其它集装箱码头,几乎所有的运输车和堆垛起重机的运作也已经完全自动化了。
Contrasting Levels of Productivity
对比鲜明的生产率水平
It is difficult to make an apples to apples comparison of productivity between the two ports; due to the variables in the way in which they are structured, vessel size, vessel call schedules, shipping channel depth, gantry crane height and reach as well as limited public information for additional metrics. However, let’s take our best stab at figuring out just how much more efficient Rotterdam is than Oakland.
由于两个港口在建造方式,货轮大小,货轮调度时间表,航运通道的水深,龙门起重机的高度和范围以及其它一些难以从公开信息中获得的更多变量上存在的诸多不同,很难将奥克兰港和鹿特丹港的生产效率进行一一对应的同类比较。尽管如此,我们仍然可以尽量尝试着看看鹿特丹港究竟比奥克兰港要高效多少。
Rotterdam is the much larger port of the two, with 445 millions tons passing through it each year compared to just 47 million per year in Oakland. Much of this difference, however, is attributed to the fact that Rotterdam also accepts shipments of resources like oil that do not come in containers, whereas Oakland predominantly accepts containers.
鹿特丹港要比奥克兰港大得多,每年通过鹿特丹港运输的货物达到了4.45亿吨,相比之下,奥克兰港每年的货运量只有4700万吨。但这其中很大一部分差异要归因于鹿特丹港还接受诸如原油这类不使用集装箱来运输的资源,而奥克兰港则基本上只接受集装箱。
Instead of gauging volumes, let’s start by looking at how many containers pass through Rotterdam versus Oakland. The industry metric for number of containers is the "TEU”, or “twenty-foot equivalent unit”. In the 2014 shipping year, 12.3 million TEUs passed through Rotterdam, compared to 2.4 million in Oakland. Naturally, there are more berths for ships and cranes in Rotterdam, so that doesn’t necessarily mean Rotterdam is more productive (it could simply just be bigger).
先不看货运量,让我看看有多少集装箱分别通过鹿特丹港和奥克兰港进行运输。航运业内衡量集装箱数量的单位是TEU,也就是“二十英尺等量单位”。在2014航运年度,有1230万TEU的集装箱货运量通过鹿特丹港,而只有230万TEU的集装箱货运量通过奥克兰港。很自然地,因为鹿特丹港拥有更多的船舶泊位和起重机,这并不一定意味着鹿特丹港比奥克兰港的生产率更高(可能仅仅是因为鹿特丹港更大)。
Publicly available data tells us that there are 36 gantry cranes in Oakland versus 103 in Rotterdam (note: this is pre-automated terminal, which is only just getting started, but will add 26 more cranes). To get our best estimate of productivity, let’s take a look at how many TEUs are processed by each of those cranes in Rotterdam (where most of the process is automated), versus in Oakland:
可公开获得的数据告诉我们,奥克兰港拥有36台龙门起重机,而在鹿特丹港,这个数字是103(作者注:这个数字仅仅包括了还没有完全自动化的货运码头,而这仅仅是个开始,之后还将有26台起重机加入进来)。为了得到我们对于生产率的最优估计,让我们看看在鹿特丹港(那里大多数的流程都已经自动化了)和奥克兰港,一年内分别有多少TEU的集装箱货运量通过一台龙门起重机:
By this (admittedly rough) calculation, cranes in Rotterdam are almost 80% more productive than in Oakland.
根据这项计算(必须承认它很粗略),鹿特丹港的起重机的效率要比奥克兰港高出接近80%。
Why Does Automation Make Things Faster?
为什么自动化能提高效率?
It should go without saying that automation makes ports operate faster, but the exact reasons for this are less obvious.
自动化能够让港口运转得更快这个结论似乎是无需多言的,但其中实际的原因却并不是那么显而易见。
First, and perhaps most importantly, high levels of automation make it easier to have multiple shifts per day and better utilize expensive capital assets (cranes, trucks, berths, etc). In Oakland, it’s extremely expensive to run a second shift to quickly unload a ship because it is necessary to pay employees overtime wages in order to do so.
首先,或许也是最重要的一点是,高水平的自动化让每天处理多个班次变得更加容易,而这意味着对那些昂贵的资本资产(起重机,卡车,泊位等)更加有效的利用。在奥克兰港,想要加一个班次以尽快将一整船货物卸载完毕是一件非常昂贵的事情,因为这么做需要向雇员们支付加班工资。
In Rotterdam, it’s much more the normal course of business to operate two or three shifts per 24 hour period, especially for container yard deliveries. All terminals in the Port of Oakland still run 1st, 2nd and 3rd shift operations as needed based on volume, it is just at much higher cost to both capital and human assets.
而在鹿特丹港,在24小时的周期内进行两班或三班倒则更像是一种常态化的运作,尤其是对于像集装箱堆场内的运输这样的任务而言。奥克兰港所有的货运码头仍然根据货运量的具体需求来加班,甚至是三班倒,而这对于资本和人力资产而言都会带来高得多的成本。
Human-operated and software-operated cranes, can, in theory, move containers at the same rate. However, humans get tired and distracted, and don’t consistently operate at peak performance. Software, on the other hand, operates at the same rate no matter what. Technology can also make workers’ jobs easier and safer, reducing workplace stress which can increase productivity in its own right.
理论上说,人工操纵的起重机和软件操纵的起重机应该能够以相同的速率搬运集装箱。但是,人会变得疲劳,注意力也容易被分散,因此不能一直维持峰值表现。而软件则能够在任何情况下都以相同的效率进行操作。技术还能够让工人们的工作变得更加轻松和安全,从而减轻工作压力,而这本身也能够让生产率得到提升。
Why the Lack of Automation in Oakland?
为何奥克兰港缺乏自动化运作?
A key reason that Oakland and the United States lag in terms of automation is that upgrading to automated systems is extremely expensive: new, fully automated terminals cost over half a billion dollars to implement. Nevertheless, one expert estimates that automation makes financial sense when a port is handling around one million TEUs per year.
奥克兰港和美国其它港口在自动化方面落后的一个核心原因是,升级到自动化系统的费用非常高昂:建造一个新的完全自动化的货运码头需要花费超过5亿美元。然而,一位专家估计,如果一个港口每年能够运送大约100万TEU的集装箱货运量,那么自动化便有其财务价值。
Oakland, currently handles more than twice that amount in total TEU, however none of the terminals in the Port individually service over a million TEU in volume. There are several terminals that are close and in the very near future could hit that tipping point for the return on the investment in automation technologies.
虽然奥克兰港目前以TEU计算的总货运量超过了这个数字的两倍,然而其中并没有任何一个货运码头每年独立承担的货运量超过100万TEU。有几个码头的货运量接近这个数字,并且可能在不远的将来达到自动化技术投资回报的临界点。
A second reason for the delay in adopting modern automation is the effect on union jobs. Some have estimated that if the Port of Oakland were to implement a modern level of automation, 40-50% of the jobs would be eliminated.
第二个使美国港口迟迟没有采用现代自动化技术的原因则是自动化技术对工会职位所产生的影响。一些人已经作出估计,如果奥克兰港达到了现代的自动化水平,那么40%到50%的职位将会消失。
All ports on the West Coast of the United States are organized under a single union, the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU), which gives them a tremendously powerful collective bargaining position. A strike doesn’t just affect one port, but every single port on the West Coast.
美国西海岸的所有港口都被组织在同一家工会之下——国际码头和仓库工人工会(ILWU),这让他们处于一个强有力的集体谈判地位。一次罢工并不仅仅是影响一个港口,而是会影响到西海岸的每一个港口。
This union power was used to oppose the introduction of containers in the 1960s and, later, computerized systems for tracking cargo. In each case, however, the union eventually conceded the introduction of these technologies in exchange for higher wages for existing workers and buyouts for displaced ones.
这家工会的力量曾经在1960年代用来反对集装箱的引入,在之后还曾被用来反对引入用于跟踪货物的计算机系统。但每一次,工会最终都接受了这些技术的引入,以换取现有员工的更高工资以及那些被替代工人的买断费用。
As with previous disruptive technology ILWU will need to be compensated for any reduction in jobs. Today, the average member of the union in Oakland makes $147,000 per year in wages, with benefits equal to another $82,000 per year. Needless to say, providing buyouts to force retirement on these union workers, many of whom have dedicated their entire working lives to port operations, is not an appetizing prospect for the terminal operators.
和之前那些颠覆性技术一样,对于港口自动化技术,ILWU也将为任何因此被削减的职位要求补偿。目前,在奥克兰港工作的工会会员的平均工资是每年14.7万美元,此外他们还享受着每年等价于8.2万美元的福利。不用说,为这些工会工人的强制退休提供买断费用——他们中的很多人将自己的整个职业生涯都献给了港口工作——对于码头运营商们而言并不是一个看起来很有吸引力的选项。
Nevertheless, several mitigating factors may allow automation to proceed. For one, the job loss calculations largely assume that shipping volumes will not be affected by automation. However, as automation reduces the price of shipping, we should expect to more shipping, which will partially offset some of the job losses.
然而,一些正在缓和的因素可能会让自动化技术的引进变得可行。一方面,对于工作职位减少量的计算在很大程度上是假设货运量不会受到自动化技术的影响。但是自动化技术会降低航运的成本,我们可以预期这将带来更多的货运量,从而抵消一部分由它带来的职位削减。
More importantly, the returns on investment in port terminal automation are large enough that there should be room for a negotiated settlement that makes both the union and the terminal operators happy.
更重要的是,投资于港口货运码头的自动化技术所带来的回报足够大,这将为工会和港口运营商之间的谈判提供空间,以达成一个能让双方皆大欢喜的协议。
Port terminal automation is no different from any other form of technological disruption, which almost inevitably leads to displacement of some segments of the workforce. In the long run, however, technology ends up creating better jobs and expanded opportunities across broad spectrums of the economy. Managing the transition is hard, often requiring social safety nets from government, as well as concessions from those who stand to benefit from the new technology.
港口货运码头的自动化与其它任何形式的颠覆性技术相比并没有什么不同,它们几乎不可避免地会替代某些现有劳动力。但从长期来看,技术最终会在更广阔的经济民生中创造出更多更好的工作机会。管理由技术带来的转变是困难的,这通常需要政府的社会保障网络提供帮助,同时还需要那些新技术的受益者作出一些让步。
Given the march of “software eating the world,” it’s hard to imagine a future where American ports do not become more automated. Difficult as the transition toward port automation may be, shying away from the challenge means less trade among countries. Shipping technology advancements have shown themselves time and again to be capable of creating a more prosperous and interconnected world.
在“软件改变世界”的大潮之中,很难想象在未来美国的港口不会变得更加自动化。也许向港口自动化的转变过程会很艰难,但回避其中的挑战意味着国家间的贸易将因此减少。航运技术的进步已在过去一次次证明了它们有能力创造一个更加繁荣和更具连通性的世界。
(编辑:辉格@whigzhou)
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