【2021-09-13】
@tertio 查了一下智商和精神疾病之间的关系,结论貌似还比较模糊,跟精神疾病的种类有关。数据给人大致的感觉是,智商明显高于常人和明显低于常人者,患精神疾病的可能性会增加。与智商高相关的是抑郁症和焦虑症,与智商低相关的是精神分裂症。这种统计结论的例外当然也很多了,比如纳什就是精神分裂症患者。
@whigzhou: 有些遗传变异提高了高智商的几率,同时也提高了某些神经系统疾病的几率,(more...)
【2021-09-13】
@tertio 查了一下智商和精神疾病之间的关系,结论貌似还比较模糊,跟精神疾病的种类有关。数据给人大致的感觉是,智商明显高于常人和明显低于常人者,患精神疾病的可能性会增加。与智商高相关的是抑郁症和焦虑症,与智商低相关的是精神分裂症。这种统计结论的例外当然也很多了,比如纳什就是精神分裂症患者。
@whigzhou: 有些遗传变异提高了高智商的几率,同时也提高了某些神经系统疾病的几率,(more...)
食物与人类#7:农业的诅咒
辉格
2018年7月27日
上一篇我讲到,自旧石器晚期以来,人口增长,技术进步,游动性降低,这三个轮番相互强化的因素,推动人类食谱沿质量光谱向下移动,这一过程在冰期过后气温回暖之际骤然加速,而在整个农业时代,更以前所未有的速度推进,而且随着土地开垦和作物单一化,渔猎和畜牧成分萎缩,食谱在下移之后进而向下收窄,对谷物的依赖日益强化。
只有在某些大瘟疫过后的恢复期中,食谱质量才有所反弹,然后到哥伦布大交换(伴随着有记录以来最大规模瘟疫)之后在新世界大幅反弹,最后,直到工业革命和人口转型之后,才在中等以上收入地区出现全面反弹。
食谱下移和向下收窄对人类健康与生活质量造成了许多负面影响,所以不乏有人将导致定居农业的新石器革命视为人类遭受的一次诅咒,从饮食与健康角度看,确实如此,对于那些缺乏畜牧和渔猎成分的纯谷物种植群体,这一点尤为真确。
从进化角度看,谷物是特别可疑的一类食物,因为我们的旧石器祖先从未将它们当作重要食物来源,这意味着,如果它们有什么害处,我们的生理系统作出适应性改变的机会极为有限,因为留给进化适应的时间只有几千最多一万年,而事实上,谷物成为主食对健康所带来的损害在考古记录中得到了清晰展示。
龋齿
龋齿是特别典型的农业病,狩猎采集者中很少见;高碳水饮食为细菌创造了良好的口腔环境,典型采猎者的食谱中,碳水化合物贡献的能量只有1/3,高纬度地区更低,而在密集农耕者中则高达2/3到4/5,而且农耕者对淀粉类食物的加工与烹饪更充分,甚至精制成饴(即麦芽糖,一种双糖),因而更容易被口腔细菌所利用,而采猎者能吃到的唯一“精制糖”是蜂蜜,可是蜂蜜本身含有抗菌成分。
【这里我想顺便强调一下,我的读者中大概绝大多数和我一样来自蒙古或高加索人种,这两个人种在更新世末期都曾长期生活在接近冰川线或冻原的寒冷地带,所以出于一种自我中心主义的习惯,当我在『最近三四万年』这一时间情境下使用『我们祖先』这个短语时,更多考虑的是他们,而对于他们,食谱中脂肪含量会比典型现代采猎者高得多,碳水则低得多。】
所以考古记录中向谷物的转变总是与龋齿高发联系在(more...)
【2017-05-16】
17世纪荷兰人和英国人刚到东南亚时,遇到的当地人和他们身高差不多,男性平均约162厘米,19世纪时这个数字降到了157厘米,原因可能是人口压力导致的营养恶化和疾病增加,1600年东南亚人口约2300万,1800年约3300万,1900年增长到8000万。
重要的是,这一增长是在自来水、抽水马桶、抗生素和化肥农药普及之前发生的,所以必须从其他方面找原因,我觉得主要原因是欧洲人带来的和平(more...)
【2017-01-16】
听说不少人来澳洲五六年之后开始出现花粉过敏,为什么是五六年后而不是马上?我猜是因为空气太干净,免疫系统过度拉低了反应阈值,所以,墙内兄弟们,吸点雾霾也不是完全没好处~
How Americans Got Red Meat Wrong
美国人对红肉的理解怎么错了
作者:Nina Teicholz @ 2014-06-02
译者:沈沉(@你在何地-sxy)
来源:The Atlantic,http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/06/how-americans-used-to-eat/371895/
Early diets in the country weren’t as plant-based as you might think.
我国的早期饮食并不像你所想的那样以植物为主。
The idea that red meat is a principal dietary culprit has pervaded our national conversation for decades. We have been led to believe that we’ve strayed from a more perfect, less meat-filled past. Most prominently, when Senator McGovern announced his Senate committee’s report, called Dietary Goals, at a press conference in 1977, he expressed a gloomy outlook about where the American diet was heading.
几十年来,红肉乃饮食首恶的观念一直在我们国家的争论中普遍流行。有人告诉我们,现在我们已经偏离了过去那种更为健康、吃肉更少的传统。最出名的一件事是,在1977年一次媒体发布会上,参议员McGovern代表其所在的参院委员会宣读了名为《膳食指导》的报告。会上他曾对美国人饮食的演变提出了一种非常悲观的展望。
“Our diets have changed radically within the past 50 years,” he explained, “with great and often harmful effects on our health.” These were the “killer diseases,” said McGovern. The solution, he declared, was for Americans to return to the healthier, plant-based diet they once ate.
“过去50年,我们的饮食发生了剧烈变化,”他解释道,“对我们的健康构成了巨大且往往是有害的影响。”McGovern还说,“这些都是致命的疾病”。他宣称,解决办法就是:美国人要回归他们以前食用的那种更为健康、以植物为主体的饮食。
The justification for this idea, that our ancestors lived mainly on fruits, vegetables, and grains, comes mainly from the USDA “food disappearance data.” The “disappearance” of foo(more...)
Meanwhile, also contrary to our common impression, early Americans appeared to eat few vegetables. Leafy greens had short growing seasons and were ultimately considered not worth the effort. And before large supermarket chains started importing kiwis from Australia and avocados from Israel, a regular supply of fruits and vegetables could hardly have been possible in America outside the growing season.
同时,还有一件事也与我们通常的印象相反,早期美国人似乎蔬菜吃得很少。绿叶蔬菜生长季节短,人们最终觉得它们不值得费心种植。而且在大型连锁超市为我们从澳大利亚进口猕猴桃、从以色列进口鳄梨之前,只要生长季节一过,要想在美国实现果蔬的常规供应就几乎不可能了。
Even in the warmer months, fruit and salad were avoided, for fear of cholera. (Only with the Civil War did the canning industry flourish, and then only for a handful of vegetables, the most common of which were sweet corn, tomatoes, and peas.)
即便是在温暖的月份,因为担心霍乱,人们也会避开水果和生吃蔬菜。(罐头行业只是内战以后才开始兴盛起来,而且那也只是罐装少量蔬菜,最常见的主要有甜玉米、西红柿和豌豆。)
So it would be “incorrect to describe Americans as great eaters of either [fruits or vegetables],” wrote the historians Waverly Root and Richard de Rochemont. Although a vegetarian movement did establish itself in the United States by 1870, the general mistrust of these fresh foods, which spoiled so easily and could carry disease, did not dissipate until after World War I, with the advent of the home refrigerator. By these accounts, for the first 250 years of American history, the entire nation would have earned a failing grade according to our modern mainstream nutritional advice.
所以,历史学家Waverly Root和Richard de Rochemont说,“认为美国人是水果或蔬菜的大量食用者,这种说法是错的”。尽管美国在1870年确实出现了一次素食运动,但美国人对这类非常容易腐烂、可能携带疾病的新鲜食物普遍存疑,这种疑虑直到一战以后随着家用冰箱的出现方才消散。根据这些资料,在美国历史的头250年,要是参照我们现在主流的营养学建议,整个国家得分都会不及格。
During all this time, however, heart disease was almost certainly rare. Reliable data from death certificates is not available, but other sources of information make a persuasive case against the widespread appearance of the disease before the early 1920s.
然而,在整个这一时期,心脏病几乎难得一见。基于死亡证明的可靠数据现在还没有,但其他方面的信息令人信服地证明,在1920年代前期以前,心脏病并没有大面积出现。
Fat intake rose 12 percent from 1909 to 1961, but it was owing to an increase in the supply of vegetable oils, which had recently been invented.
从1909年至1961年,脂肪摄入量提高了12%,但这是因为人类新近发明了植物油,其供给增加了。
Austin Flint, the most authoritative expert on heart disease in the United States, scoured the country for reports of heart abnormalities in the mid-1800s, yet reported that he had seen very few cases, despite running a busy practice in New York City. Nor did William Osler, one of the founding professors of Johns Hopkins Hospital, report any cases of heart disease during the 1870s and eighties when working at Montreal General Hospital.
19世纪中期,美国最权威的心脏病专家Austin Flint曾在全国上下搜集心脏异常病例的报告,最后却说案例寥寥无几,尽管他当时在纽约的生意非常繁忙。约翰·霍普金斯医院的创始教授之一William Osler,在他于1870年代及1880年代在蒙特利尔综合医院工作期间,也未提及任何心脏病案例。
The first clinical description of coronary thrombosis came in 1912, and an authoritative textbook in 1915, Diseases of the Arteries including Angina Pectoris, makes no mention at all of coronary thrombosis. On the eve of World War I, the young Paul Dudley White, who later became President Eisenhower’s doctor, wrote that of his 700 male patients at Massachusetts General Hospital, only four reported chest pain, “even though there were plenty of them over 60 years of age then.”
关于冠状动脉血栓的首份临床描述出现于1912年,而1915年的一本权威教材——《动脉疾病及心绞痛》——则根本没有提及冠状动脉血栓。一战前夜,年轻的Paul Dudley White(后来曾为艾森豪威尔总统担任医生)写道,他在马萨诸塞综合医院的700名男性病人中,只有4个报告有胸痛,“尽管他们中许多人已经过了60岁年纪。”
About one fifth of the U.S. population was over 50 years old in 1900. This number would seem to refute the familiar argument that people formerly didn’t live long enough for heart disease to emerge as an observable problem. Simply put, there were some 10 million Americans of a prime age for having a heart attack at the turn of the 20th century, but heart attacks appeared not to have been a common problem.
1900年,美国人口中大约有五分之一超过50岁。有种常见的论调认为,以前的人寿命不够长,所以心脏病根本还来不及成为一个显著问题。不过上述数字似乎能够驳斥这种论调。简单地说,在20世纪初,大约有1000万美国人已经到了容易发生心脏病的年纪,但那时候心脏病似乎并不是一个常见问题。
Ironically—or perhaps tellingly—the heart disease “epidemic” began after a period of exceptionally reduce meat eating. The publication of The Jungle, Upton Sinclair’s fictionalized exposé of the meatpacking industry, caused meat sales in the United States to fall by half in 1906, and they did not revive for another 20 years.
讽刺地是,或者说颇能说明问题的是,心脏病的“流行”发生在食肉量出现异常减少之后。Upton Sinclair出版的《屠宰场》一书以小说形式对肉类加工业进行了揭露曝光,导致1906年美国肉类销售量直接减半,此后20年都没能恢复。
In other words, meat eating went down just before coronary disease took off. Fat intake did rise during those years, from 1909 to 1961, when heart attacks surged, but this 12 percent increase in fat consumption was not due to a rise in animal fat. It was instead owing to an increase in the supply of vegetable oils, which had recently been invented.
换句话说,食肉量的减少恰好发生于冠心病猛增之前。1909年到1961年期间,当心脏病出现激增时,脂肪摄入量确实也增加了,但是脂肪消耗量上增加的这12%并不来自动物脂肪的增加。相反,它来自植物油供给的增加,后者新近才被发明出来。
Nevertheless, the idea that Americans once ate little meat and “mostly plants”—espoused by McGovern and a multitude of experts—continues to endure. And Americans have for decades now been instructed to go back to this earlier, “healthier” diet that seems, upon examination, never to have existed.
尽管如此,美国人过去吃肉很少、“主要吃植物”的观念——McGovern和许多专家都信奉这一点——还在继续流传。而且,过去几十年,美国人接受的指导一直是,他们应该回归这种更早、“更健康”的饮食。只不过,经验证发现,这种饮食习惯从未存在过。
(编辑:辉格@whigzhou)
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——海德沙龙·翻译组,致力于将英文世界的好文章搬进中文世界——
最近几个月正在向旧石器食谱(paleolithic diet)靠拢,主要改变是大幅减少了米饭和面食,增加肉食,特别是多吃带肉骨头(因为喜欢)。
调整食谱主要是为了吃的更满意,因为我本来就爱吃肉,以前吃米饭只是出于习惯,只要不盛上来,不吃也没啥;
其次是为了改善当前的身体和精神状态,我相信适当调整食谱能有这效果;
第三也是为将来健康考虑,
最后也最次要的,可以顺便减点肥,好像效果还不错,半年减了约3.5公斤。
(我注意到,很多人在谈论饮食健康时,好像很少区分上面第二和第三点,其实那是很不一样的两码事。)
记录一下我近期的食谱,过几年再翻出来看看效果。
【早饭】
< (more...)让谷歌眼镜来挽救颈椎吧
辉格
2012年12月20日
最近在一次颈椎病的医疗技术研讨会上,一位骨科专家对近年来颈椎病在国内的上升势头提出了警告,据称成人发病率已升至17%,并呈现出低龄化趋势,其中白领阶层尤为突出,发病率高达普通水平的6至9倍,该专家认为,手机和平板等手持信息终端的广泛使用,是导致这一现象的重要原因。
这听起来是可信的,由于读写和文案处理等工作需要久坐伏案低头,因而长期以来就给白领的腰椎、颈椎、肩周、手腕等关节带来麻烦,如今信息终端应用从办公延伸到了消费领域,这些职业病也就随之而扩大为了生活方式病。
传统的纸质文档也需要伏案低头,但电脑和显示屏带来了新问题:它的通用性和多任务多窗口特征,不仅减少了头部转动,也让文档翻阅和任务切换(more...)