【2021-08-10】
鸟类的左右两个半脑可以轮流睡觉,这样它就可以随时保持警惕,而且还能在长途飞行中睡觉,具体哪个半脑睡着,是由眼睛接受的光线控制的,它想让右半脑睡着,就闭上左眼,有实验验证了这一点,把鸟的一只眼睛蒙起来,它的另一边半脑就进入了慢波睡眠状态,
@虎鲸嘤嘤怪:如果人类也像鸟类一样,那不就可以24小时上班了吗?
@whigzhou: 恐怕顶多只能做些非常机械的、无意识的工作,因为意识活动是全脑激活的,左(more...)
【2021-08-10】
鸟类的左右两个半脑可以轮流睡觉,这样它就可以随时保持警惕,而且还能在长途飞行中睡觉,具体哪个半脑睡着,是由眼睛接受的光线控制的,它想让右半脑睡着,就闭上左眼,有实验验证了这一点,把鸟的一只眼睛蒙起来,它的另一边半脑就进入了慢波睡眠状态,
@虎鲸嘤嘤怪:如果人类也像鸟类一样,那不就可以24小时上班了吗?
@whigzhou: 恐怕顶多只能做些非常机械的、无意识的工作,因为意识活动是全脑激活的,左(more...)
【2020-02-13】
图a是黑猩猩和人类学习如何敲开坚果的学习曲线(基于绝对年龄),图b是按相对年龄调整后的曲线,无论按绝对还是相对年龄,黑猩猩达到技能峰值的速度都比人类快得多,人类技能学习的缓慢早已被注意到,作者拒绝了对此现象的两种旧解释,提出了自己的,不过这三种解释我觉得都不对,依我看,人类学得慢是因为我们的好奇心,爱探索,头脑开放,不愿意像黑猩猩那么亦步亦趋的模仿前辈,年轻学徒们总想找找新路子,或偷个懒,或弄出点新鲜玩意儿,诸如此类,显然,在特定情形下,这些特性是巨大优点,但同时也让我们付出了代价,来源:Chimpanzees learn to crack nuts faster than humans
【2019-08-14】
惊了!人类意识(consciousness)竟然和吃屎有相通之处,不开玩笑,我刚刚认识到这一点,说起来话有点长,
是这样的,吃屎分两种,1)吃其他动物(特别是其他物种)的屎,这个好理解,不同动物的消化机制不同,一种动物的废弃物对另一种动物可能是营养丰富的宝,2)吃自己的屎,这个原理略复杂,简单说是因为消化道是条单向单线程加工流水线,由于缺乏循环回路,某些类型的消化/吸收过程无法完成,例如兔形目的纤维素发酵发生在盲肠,可是发酵产物的最佳吸收环节却是小肠,所以兔子会拉两种屎球,一种干硬,一种湿软,后者拉出后马上又吃掉,于是便构成一(more...)
【2019-07-02】
鸡吃东西的方式有三种,1)啄,2)吞,3)甩,第一种用来吃小颗粒食物,后两种用于对付大块食物,第三种比较特别,之所以需要甩,是因为它们既不会像猛禽那样踩住食物,也不会像鹦鹉那样抓住(或叉住)食物,于是只好利用加速度和惯性来撕开大块食物,据我观察,可能地栖性强的鸟类都不会用爪子来辅助进食(无论是踩还是抓),这或许是为获得更适合地面行走的下肢结构而付出的代价,甩法进食比较麻烦,而且会造成丢失,不过鸡找回甩出的每个碎片的能力非常出色,鲜有浪费,实践中,鸡会按如下条件分(more...)
Australia, home to the world’s largest camel herd
澳大利亚,世界最大的骆驼之乡
作者:Sarah Bell @ 2013-5-19
译者:沈沉(@你在何地-sxy)
校对:小册子(@昵称被抢的小册子)
来源:BBC News,http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22522695
Australia is famous for its wildlife – kangaroos, koalas and numerous species of snakes and spiders – but it is also home to the world’s largest herd of camels. There are about 750,000 roaming wild in the outback and they cause a host of problems.
澳大利亚因野生动物而闻名遐迩:袋鼠、考拉以及种类众多的蛇类与蜘蛛。不过,澳大利亚还是世界最大的骆驼之乡。约有75万匹只骆驼生活在澳大利亚的广袤内陆【译注:本文outback一词专指澳大利亚人烟稀少的广袤内陆地区,后文皆译作“内陆”】,并制造了很多麻烦。
Camels were imported to (more...)
Australia, home to the world's largest camel herd 澳大利亚,世界最大的骆驼之乡
作者:Sarah Bell @ 2013-5-19 译者:沈沉(@你在何地-sxy) 校对:小册子(@昵称被抢的小册子) 来源:BBC News,http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22522695 Australia is famous for its wildlife - kangaroos, koalas and numerous species of snakes and spiders - but it is also home to the world's largest herd of camels. There are about 750,000 roaming wild in the outback and they cause a host of problems. 澳大利亚因野生动物而闻名遐迩:袋鼠、考拉以及种类众多的蛇类与蜘蛛。不过,澳大利亚还是世界最大的骆驼之乡。约有75万匹只骆驼生活在澳大利亚的广袤内陆【译注:本文outback一词专指澳大利亚人烟稀少的广袤内陆地区,后文皆译作“内陆”】,并制造了很多麻烦。 Camels were imported to Australia in the 19th century from Arabia, India and Afghanistan for transport and heavy work in the outback. But when the internal combustion engine came along and they were no longer needed, several thousand were released into the wild. 骆驼是19世纪从阿拉伯、印度和阿富汗进口到澳大利亚的,在内陆用于运输和重体力工作。不过随着内燃机的出现,它们就派不上用场了,当中有几千匹被放生到野外。 With no natural predators and vast sparsely-populated areas in which to roam, the camels have flourished and are having a huge impact on the wilderness. 骆驼在内陆没有天敌,活动范围又是广阔的人口稀疏地区,因而得以大量繁衍,如今正对野生环境造成巨大影响。 "One of the biggest problems is that they drink large amounts of water. They gulp down gallons at a time and cause millions of pounds worth of damage to farms and waterholes which are used to water stock. They also drink dry waterholes belonging to the Aborigines," says explorer and writer Simon Reeve. “其中一个大问题是,它们饮水量巨大。骆驼一次能灌下好几加仑的水,给农场和储水塘造成的数百万磅损失。它们还能把澳洲土著民的储水塘给喝干。”探险家、作家Simon Reeve如是说。 "Camels are almost uniquely brilliant at surviving the conditions in the outback. Introducing them was short-term genius and long-term disaster." “论到在内陆环境中生存,骆驼的出色能力无与伦比。把它们引入内陆,短期来看是天才之举,长期来看则是灾难。” Lyndee Severin runs a one-million-acre ranch west of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory that has been overrun by the camels. 北领地【译注:又称澳北区】的骆驼现已泛滥成灾,Lyndee Severin就在该区爱丽丝泉市的西部经营着一个百万英亩的大牧场。 "They do a lot of damage to infrastructure for us, so there's a lot of damage to fences. They break tanks, they break pumps, they break pipes, they break fences - fences have been our biggest concern," she says. 她说:“它们对我们的基础设施造成了巨大破坏,围栏大量受损。它们把蓄水池搞坏,把抽水泵搞坏,把管子搞坏,把围栏搞坏。我们最担心的就是围栏。” But her concern is not confined to her own business - the camels put pressure on native Australian species by reducing food sources and destroying their habitats. "They will just take everything in the landscape and if they destroy the trees and eat the grasses there's no kangaroos, no emus, no small birds if there's no trees, no reptiles," she says. 但她所担忧的不只是自己的生意。骆驼给澳大利亚本土的生物物种带来了巨大压力,因为它们减少了食物供应,破坏了本土物种的栖息地。她说:“它们会吃地上的一切东西。如果它们把树都毁掉,草都吃掉,就不会再有袋鼠,不会再有鸸鹋,不会再有小鸟,没有树,也不会再有爬行动物。” Severin and her team shoot the beasts, often from helicopters, and leave them to rot where they fall. "It's not something that we enjoy doing, but it's something that we have to do." Severin及其团队会射杀这些野兽,一般是从直升机上射杀,并让其就地腐烂。“我们并不喜欢做这种事,但又必须做。” Camels roam freely across an area of 3.3 million sq km (1.3 million sq miles) encompassing the states of Western Australia, South Australia and Queensland, as well as the Northern Territory. They are mainly Dromedaries, but some are Bactrian camels. Humans have introduced dozens of species into Australia - including wild horses, pigs, goats, dogs, cats, rabbits and foxes - and these have now become a major problem for the ecosystem. 骆驼在包括西澳、南澳、昆士兰及北领地在内的330万平方公里(合130万平方英里)范围内自由出没。它们主要是单峰驼,但也有一些双峰驼。人类已将数十个物种引入澳大利亚,包括野马、猪、羊、狗、猫、兔子和狐狸等,这些动物现在已为生态系统带来了一个严重的问题。 In 2010 the Australian government endorsed a control plan, the Australian Feral Camel Management Project, which aimed to reduce camel densities through culling and mustering the animals for sale. Between 2001 and 2008 it was estimated there were up to a million feral camels in the outback, but thousands were culled under the project. 2010年澳大利亚政府签署了一项名为“澳大利亚野生骆驼管理项目”的控制计划,意在通过选择性地捕杀并出售骆驼来减低骆驼的密度。2001至2008年间,内陆的野生骆驼数量估计多达100万,但该项目已宰杀其中数千匹。 Animals Australia, a pressure group, described this as a "bloodbath". For its part, RSPCA Australia says it would support a national approach to feral camel management, only if "the programmes are clearly explained and justified... and use the most humane methods available". 压力集团“动物澳洲”将该计划称为“大屠杀”。而澳大利亚“皇家防止虐待动物协会”(RSPCA)则说它愿意支持采取全国性的办法来控制野生骆驼,但要求“对规划进行清楚的解释和论证……并采用能够用到的最人道方法”。 But many farmers feel that they do not have much choice - and must do what they can with or without a national programme. The economic cost of grazing land loss and damage by feral camels has been estimated at 10m Australian dollars (£6.6m). 然而,许多农场主感到他们并没有什么选择余地,而且不管有没有全国性规划,他们都必须采取可行措施。据估计,野生骆驼导致牧场流失和破坏,其带来的经济损失已达1000万澳元(合660万英磅)。 "Killing them seems a tragic waste to many of us but the sheer logistics involved mean there is little choice. It is an issue I find more and more as I travel around the world. Humans introduce animals into fragile ecosystems. What do we do about it?" says Reeve, who is presenting a new series on Australia for BBC television. Reeve说:“对我们许多人而言,杀害它们似乎是一种可悲的浪费,但单单其中所涉及的物流运输就意味着我们没多少别的选择。随着我在世界各地旅行,我越来越多地发现这种事。人类将动物引入脆弱的生态系统。我们该拿它怎么办?” Reeve现在正为BBC电视台一套新的澳洲系列节目担任主持。 "It's not enough for us to stand back and say I can't bear to see animals being killed. If we are going to make ourselves gods by meddling with an ecosystem then we have to take the responsibility to sort it out." “置身事外,说自己不忍看到动物们被杀害,这并不够。既然我们把自己变成了干预生态系统的神,那我们就必须承担起责任、解决问题。” Ian Conway, who runs the 1,800 sq km Kings Creek cattle ranch, also near Alice Springs, believes there is a better way of managing their numbers - rounding camels up and selling them for their meat. Ian Conway也在爱丽丝泉市附近经营一家1800平米、名为Kings Creek的牧牛场。他相信有更好的方法来控制骆驼数量:围捕它们,出售骆驼肉。 Camels range over a vast area and can travel more than 40 miles in a day, so his team uses a helicopter to spot "mobs" of camels. They are then rounded up using heavily-modified off-road vehicles and put into a holding pen, before being sold to the Middle East. 骆驼的活动范围很广,且一天能走40英里,所以Conway的团队使用直升机去寻找骆驼“小队”。然后使用经大幅改装的越野车将它们围起来,关在畜栏里,最后卖到中东去。 Conway, who has been mustering animals for more than 40 years, says: "There's no difference to camel and beef, in fact to a lot of people who live on camel like we do, prefer it to beef." Some are also sold as riding camels, he adds. Conway干围捕动物这一行已有40多年。他说:“骆驼肉和牛肉没啥区别,事实上好多跟我们一样以骆驼肉为食的人,觉得它比牛肉要好。”也有些骆驼是卖出去做骑乘用的,他补充说。 "The Saudis are always interested in them but they are looking for a specific camel. I've got a bloke who wants beauty camels at the moment. The bulls are no good. They like the cows because of their thin heads, but the cows have got to have their lips hanging, for what reason I don't know," says Conway. “沙特人对骆驼总是特别感兴趣,不过他们对骆驼有特定要求。现在就有个家伙找我要漂亮的骆驼。公的不行。母骆驼脑袋瘦小,沙特人喜欢,不过得是嘴唇下垂的母骆驼,不知道为啥,”Conway说。 He thinks a round-up is more humane than the alternative. "They just shoot them and nothing is done with them. We don't know if they lay there for days. I'd like them to come into the yard like this and be sold as meat or riding camels," he says. 他认为围捕比其他处理方法更为人道。“他们就拿枪打,别的都不管。我们都不知道骆驼是不是会在那儿躺好几天。我还是愿意像这样把它们弄到畜栏里来,然后当做食用或骑用骆驼卖掉,”他说。 In many outback areas it is not cost-effective to round up and sell the camels. But Conway is convinced that with the right investment this could become a profitable way of protecting ranches and the environment. 在许多内陆地区,围捕并出售骆驼并不划算。但Conway坚信,只要投资得当,这种保护牧场和环境的办法将会有利可图。 (编辑:辉格@whigzhou) *注:本译文未经原作者授权,本站对原文不持有也不主张任何权利,如果你恰好对原文拥有权益并希望我们移除相关内容,请私信联系,我们会立即作出响应。——海德沙龙·翻译组,致力于将英文世界的好文章搬进中文世界——
Saving African Rhinos: A Market Success Story
拯救非洲犀牛:一个关于市场成功的故事
作者:Michael ‘t Sas-Rolfes @ 2011-8-19
编辑:Laura Huggins
译者:混乱阈值(@混乱阈值)
校对:带菜刀的诗人(@带菜刀的诗人_),林翠(@cwlinnil)
来源:Property and Environment Research Center,http://www.perc.org/sites/default/files/Saving%20African%20Rhinos%20final.pdf
【译注:现存犀牛分五种:白犀牛,黑犀牛,苏门答腊犀牛,印度犀牛,爪哇犀牛。本文的白犀牛主要是指白犀牛的亚种南方白犀牛。】
In 1900, the southern white rhinoceros was the most endangered of the world’s five rhinoceros species. Less than 20 rhinos remained in a single reserve in South Africa. By 2010, white rhino numbers had climbed to more than 20,000, making it the most common rhino species on the planet.
在1900年,南方白犀牛曾是世界上五个犀牛物种中最濒危的一种。不到20头犀牛生活在仅存于南非的一个保护区里。到2010年,白犀牛数量攀升至20000头以上,成了这个星球上最常见的犀牛物种。
While southern white rhino numbers rose, populations of the other rhino species declined. This included the African black rhino and three Asian species. Why did the white rhino thrive whereas the others did not? In short, South Africa and a few other African countries adopted policies that created the right incentives for rhino conservation.
当南方白犀牛的数量增加时,其它犀牛物种(包括非洲黑犀牛以及三种亚洲犀牛)的数量却减少了。为什么白犀牛种群繁衍壮大了,而其它犀牛种群没有?简而言之,南非和其它几个非洲国家采用的政策,对犀牛保护产生了正确的激励效果。
BACKGROUND
背景
The white rhino, once plentiful in southern Africa, was all but hunted to extinction in the nineteenth century. As Dutch and English settlers colonized the region, they killed rhinos for meat and sport.
白犀牛曾经大量存在于非洲南部,然而在19世纪被捕猎至几近灭绝。荷兰和英国殖民者在此地区建立起殖民地,他们为取食和娱乐而捕杀犀牛。
By the early twentieth century, only a small population survived in what is now the Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park in South Africa. Initially a royal hunting area for the Zulu Kingdom, the park was officially protected in 1895. Its population of white rhinos slowly recovered and by the mid-twentieth century had reached the park’s full ecological carrying capacity.
至20世纪早期(more...)
Saving African Rhinos: A Market Success Story 拯救非洲犀牛:一个关于市场成功的故事
作者:Michael 't Sas-Rolfes @ 2011-8-19 编辑:Laura Huggins 译者:混乱阈值(@混乱阈值) 校对:带菜刀的诗人(@带菜刀的诗人_),林翠(@cwlinnil) 来源:Property and Environment Research Center,http://www.perc.org/sites/default/files/Saving%20African%20Rhinos%20final.pdf 【译注:现存犀牛分五种:白犀牛,黑犀牛,苏门答腊犀牛,印度犀牛,爪哇犀牛。本文的白犀牛主要是指白犀牛的亚种南方白犀牛。】 In 1900, the southern white rhinoceros was the most endangered of the world's five rhinoceros species. Less than 20 rhinos remained in a single reserve in South Africa. By 2010, white rhino numbers had climbed to more than 20,000, making it the most common rhino species on the planet. 在1900年,南方白犀牛曾是世界上五个犀牛物种中最濒危的一种。不到20头犀牛生活在仅存于南非的一个保护区里。到2010年,白犀牛数量攀升至20000头以上,成了这个星球上最常见的犀牛物种。 While southern white rhino numbers rose, populations of the other rhino species declined. This included the African black rhino and three Asian species. Why did the white rhino thrive whereas the others did not? In short, South Africa and a few other African countries adopted policies that created the right incentives for rhino conservation. 当南方白犀牛的数量增加时,其它犀牛物种(包括非洲黑犀牛以及三种亚洲犀牛)的数量却减少了。为什么白犀牛种群繁衍壮大了,而其它犀牛种群没有?简而言之,南非和其它几个非洲国家采用的政策,对犀牛保护产生了正确的激励效果。 BACKGROUND 背景 The white rhino, once plentiful in southern Africa, was all but hunted to extinction in the nineteenth century. As Dutch and English settlers colonized the region, they killed rhinos for meat and sport. 白犀牛曾经大量存在于非洲南部,然而在19世纪被捕猎至几近灭绝。荷兰和英国殖民者在此地区建立起殖民地,他们为取食和娱乐而捕杀犀牛。 By the early twentieth century, only a small population survived in what is now the Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park in South Africa. Initially a royal hunting area for the Zulu Kingdom, the park was officially protected in 1895. Its population of white rhinos slowly recovered and by the mid-twentieth century had reached the park’s full ecological carrying capacity. 至20世纪早期,只有少量白犀牛还幸存于如今成为南非Hluhluwe-Umfolozi公园的地区。这个公园最初是祖鲁王国的皇家狩猎区,在1895年正式成为保护区。保护区内的白犀牛数量渐渐回升,并在20世纪中期达到了公园生态承载能力的极限。 At that time, the Natal Parks Board decided to take bold action to expand the white rhino population by capturing and relocating animals to new areas. Breeding groups of white rhinos were moved to other state-owned parks, such as Kruger National Park, and also to private game ranches and zoos. This program, known as Operation Rhino, successfully re-established many new breeding groups throughout southern Africa. 就在那时,纳塔尔公园董事会决定采取大胆行动,通过捕获动物并将其迁移至新地区来扩张白犀牛的种群规模。白犀牛繁殖群被迁移到了其它诸如克鲁格国家公园这样的国有公园、私人狩猎牧场和动物园。这个以“犀牛行动”闻名的迁移项目成功地在整个非洲南部重建了许多新的犀牛繁殖群。 By 1960, the white rhino population had grown to 840. The next decade saw increased interest in private game ranching, and in 1968 the first legal white rhino trophy hunt took place. 到1960年,白犀牛数量已增加到了840头。在接下去的十年中,人们对私人狩猎牧场的兴趣不断增加,并在1968年出现了首个合法的白犀牛战利品狩猎。【编注:战利品狩猎是指参与者以获取猎物留作纪念品为主要目的的狩猎活动,与之相对照的另一种商业性狩猎是运动狩猎(sports hunting)】 The Natal Parks Board continued to supply live white rhinos to private landowners for a nominal fee on a first-come, first-served basis. By the mid-1980s, it became clear that there was a problem with this system. A long waiting list of private owners was eager to acquire rhinos for trophy hunting, but they showed little interest in breeding them. This led conservationists to question whether the private sector could actually be entrusted with rhino conservation. On closer examination, however, it appeared the problem was a matter of fixing the incentive structure. 纳塔尔公园董事会继续对私人土地所有者提供活白犀牛,先到先得,只收取象征性费用。到1980年代中期,这项制度的一个问题已显露了出来。有一长串私人地主渴望获得白犀牛来开展战利品狩猎,但他们对养殖白犀牛兴趣寥寥。这使得动物保护主义者质疑私人机构是否能真正被委以保护犀牛的重任。然而,在对情况仔细审视后,人们发现问题关键是要调整激励结构。 PRIVATIZING RHINOS 犀牛的私有化 Before 1991, all wildlife in South Africa was treated by law as res nullius or un-owned property. To reap the benefits of ownership from a wild animal, it had to be killed, captured, or domesticated. This created an incentive to harvest, not protect, valuable wild species— meaning that even if a game rancher paid for a rhino, the rancher could not claim compensation if the rhino left his property or was killed by a poacher. 1991年以前,南非所有的野生动物都被法律当作无主财产(res nullius)对待。对野生动物拥有所有权的好处,就只有通过猎杀、捕获或驯养来获得。这激励了捕猎而非保护珍稀野生物种——意味着即使一个狩猎农场主为一头犀牛付了钱,一旦犀牛离开农场主的所有地或被偷猎者捕杀,农场主将无法索要补偿。 The Natal Parks Board thought that providing rhinos for a low fee—an effective subsidy— would encourage private owners to be good stewards of rhinos. However, a closer look at rhino prices—both for buying and for hunting— suggests that this view was mistaken. 纳塔尔公园董事会曾经认为,提供犀牛时收取较低费用——相当于补贴——将鼓励私有业主对犀牛妥善照料。然而,在仔细考察犀牛价格——包括购买犀牛的价格和捕猎犀牛的价格——后,人们发现这种观点有误。 In 1982, the Natal Parks Board list price for a live white rhino was 1,000 South African rands (R). That same year, the average trophy price was R6,000. Any private landowner receiving a live rhino had a very strong incentive to sell it as a trophy as quickly as possible to pocket a 600 percent profit. The alternative was allowing it to roam on his property where there was a risk of losing it to a poacher or neighbor. 1982年时,纳塔尔公园董事会对一头活白犀牛的明码标价是1,000南非兰特。而同年一头犀牛作为狩猎战利品的均价是6,000兰特。任何得到活犀牛的私人地主都有非常强烈的动机将犀牛作为狩猎战利品尽快卖掉,以便将六倍之利收入囊中。不然,私人地主只能让犀牛在土地上闲逛,犀牛有落入偷猎者或邻居之手的风险。THINKING CREATIVELY Rhino poaching is driven by economic forces. If we really want to save the rhino, we must understand how those forces work and look at examples of success stories to see what we can learn from them. 创造性思维 偷猎犀牛的行为受经济力量驱使。如果我们真想拯救犀牛,我们就必须了解经济力量是如何起作用的,并看看我们能从那些成功案例中学到什么。For the next three years, as the waiting list for white rhinos grew, the Natal Parks Board tripled its list prices, but demand continued to outstrip the rate of supply. In 1985, a private rancher offered a few rhinos up for auction, prompting the Natal Parks Board to do the same. 接下去三年里,白犀牛的申请名单不断增加,纳塔尔公园董事会将价格升至三倍,然而白犀牛依然供不应求。1985年,一位私人农场主拍卖了几头犀牛,这促使纳塔尔公园董事会也将白犀牛进行拍卖。 In 1986, the board auctioned six rhinos, which sold for an average price of just above R10,000—more than double the list price. Encouraged by this success, the board increasingly embraced the auction system over the next three years, during which time the market price soared to an average of almost R49,000 by 1989. 1986年董事会拍卖了六头犀牛,均价刚刚超过10000兰特——高于标价的两倍。受此鼓励,董事会在此后三年中越来越多地进行犀牛拍卖,而在此期间犀牛的平均市场价格飙升到了1989年的接近49000兰特。 During this same period, the average price for a rhino trophy also rose, but peaked in 1989 at just under R92,000 before pulling back to R80,000 in 1990. Figure 1 illustrates the relationship between list prices, auction prices, and trophy prices between 1982 and 1990. 同时期,犀牛作为狩猎战利品的均价也在上升,但在1989年达到了顶峰,价格为略低于每头92000兰特,并在1990年回落到了80000兰特。图1为1982年至1990年间标价、拍得价和战利品价之间的关系。 From 1990 onward, list prices were abandoned and rhinos were mostly auctioned, as the Natal Parks Board realized the benefits of market pricing. By this time the gap between the price of a live rhino and a trophy had narrowed such that the trophy price was only about 60 percent higher than the live price—a more realistic mark-up. 自1990年起,随着纳塔尔公园董事会意识到市场定价带来的益处,标价被废除,绝大部分犀牛被拍卖。此时活犀牛与战利品犀牛的价格差距已经缩小,一头战利品价格只比一头活犀牛价格高了百分之六十——一个现实得多的溢价。 Also during this period, the South African Law Commission addressed the issue of ownership of valuable game animals. Recognizing the problems associated with the res nullius maxim, the commission drafted a new piece of legislation: the theft of game act of 1991. This policy allowed for private ownership of any wild animal that could be identified according to certain criteria such as a brand or ear tag. 还是在这一时期,南非法律委员会着手处理有关珍稀狩猎动物所有权的问题。委员会意识到,这些问题涉及无主财产准则,便起草了一项新的立法:《1991年猎物偷盗法案》。按照这项政策,任何野生动物的私人所有权可以根据确切的判别标准来识别,比如烙印或耳牌。 The combined effect of market pricing through auctions and the creation of stronger property rights over rhinos changed the incentives of private ranchers. It now made sense to breed rhinos rather than shoot them as soon as they were received. 通过拍卖实现的市场定价机制,创造对犀牛更牢固的财产权,这二者的共同作用,改变了对私人农场主的激励。养殖犀牛而非一得到犀牛就射杀终于成了明智的做法。 Interestingly, the private market also benefited state agencies such as the Natal Parks Board, which gained from the increased income from rhino sales. From a mere few thousand rands in the early 1980s (the rand/US dollar rate was one to one at this time), the annual market value of live rhino sales grew to R64.5 million (uS$7.8 million) by 2008. 有趣的是,私人市场也使国有机构(比如纳塔尔公园董事会)获益,因为他们通过出售犀牛而获得的收入增加了。出售活犀牛的年市值从1980年代早期的几千兰特(当时兰特对美元汇率为1:1)增长到了2008年的6450万兰特(合780万美元)。 BLACK AND WHITE 黑与白 Not only did the white rhino market grow in value, but white rhino populations also flourished. Figure 2 shows trends in white rhino numbers from 1960 until 2007. Contrast those numbers with the black rhino, which mostly lived in African countries with weak or absent wildlife market institutions such as Kenya, Tanzania, and Zambia. In 1960, about 100,000 black rhinos roamed across Africa, but by the early 1990s poachers had reduced their numbers to less than 2,500. 白犀牛不仅市值增长,种群也繁荣了起来。图2展示了从1960年到2007年的白犀牛数量变化趋势。与之形成鲜明对比的是黑犀牛,主要生活在诸如肯尼亚、坦桑尼亚和赞比亚这些野生动物市场制度薄弱或缺失的非洲国家。1960年时大约有10万头黑犀牛分布在非洲,但到1990年代早期,偷猎者使黑犀牛的数量下降到了不足2500头。
RHINO HORN USES There are two major markets for rhino horn. Throughout Asia, rhino horn has been used for thousands of years for both ornamental and medicinal purposes. Ailments that rhino body parts supposedly cure include skin disease, bone disorders, and fever. The second market for rhino horn is the dagger trade in the Middle Eastern nation of Yemen where carved rhino horns are used as handles for ceremonial daggers called jambiyas. 犀牛角的用途 犀牛角有两个主要市场。在整个亚洲,犀牛角被用作装饰和药材已有上千年的历史。人们认为犀牛的身体部位可以用来治疗皮肤病、骨骼疾病和发热等病症。中东国家也门的匕首生意是犀牛角的第二个市场,在那里,经过雕刻的犀牛角被用作一种称作jambiyas的仪式性匕首的手柄。Rhino poaching is driven by the demand for rhino horn of both species, which is used for ornamental and medicinal purposes in Asia. Since the mid-1970s, international trade in rhino horn has been subject to a ban under CITES, the United Nations Convention on international trade in Endangered Species. After the CITES ban came into effect, prices for rhino horn soared on black markets and have continued rising ever since. 对两种犀牛牛角的需求驱使了偷猎犀牛的行为。犀牛角在亚洲用于装饰和药材。从1970年代中期开始,根据CITES,即关于濒危物种国际贸易的联合国公约,犀牛角的国际贸易被禁止。自公约生效起,黑市上的犀牛角价格一路飙升。
ABOUT CITES CITES was formed in the mid-1970s as an international treaty to protect wild species threatened by trade. All member countries (more than 175) agree to regulate the trade in species across their borders in one of two ways. Species are either listed on Appendix 1, under which no trade is allowed, or Appendix 2, under which trade is allowed under a permit system only. About 800 species are listed on Appendix 1 and 32,500 on Appendix 2. CITES employs only a single officer to oversee global enforcement of the treaty. 关于CITES 作为一项保护被贸易所威胁的野生物种的国际公约,CITES形成于1970年代中期。所有成员国(超过175个)约定以两种方式之一对通过其边境的物种贸易进行管制。被列入公约附录1的物种被禁止贸易,被列入公约附录2的物种只能在许可证制度下进行贸易。大约有800个物种被列入附录1,而有32500个物种被列入附录2。 CITES只雇佣了一名官员来监督公约在全球的实施情况。By the mid-1990s, rhino poaching had declined to sustainable levels and many conservationists assumed that the CITES ban had solved the problem. Rhino poaching, however, has re-emerged as a serious problem since 2008. 到1990年代中期,偷猎犀牛的行为已减少到了可持续水平,许多动保主义者认为CITES的禁令起了作用。然而自2008年起偷猎犀牛行为再次成为一个严重问题。 A more plausible reason for the temporary respite in poaching pressure is that all the “easy pickings” were gone. Unprotected wild rhino populations are rare to non-existent in modern Africa. The only surviving African rhinos remain either in countries with strong wildlife market institutions (such as South Africa and Namibia) or in intensively protected zones. 对此前偷猎压力暂时缓解的一个更可信的解释是,所有“易得手猎物”都消失了。在现代非洲,不受保护的野生动物数量非常稀少甚至不复存在。幸存的非洲犀牛只存在于那些有强大野生动物市场制度的国家(比如南非和纳米比亚),或在受严密保护的地区。 South Africa and Namibia have replicated the successful approach to white rhino conservation with black rhinos, currently protecting 75 percent of the world’s black rhino population and 96 percent of the white rhino population. After receiving CITES approval in 2004, both countries have even introduced limited black rhino trophy hunting. 南非和纳米比亚在黑犀牛上复制了保护白犀牛的成功方法,目前保护了世界上百分之七十五的黑犀牛和百分之九十六的白犀牛。在2004年得到CITES的批准后,两国甚至都引进了有限的黑犀牛战利品狩猎活动。 CROSSROADS 十字路口 Despite clear evidence that strong property rights and market incentives constitute the most sensible model for rhino conservation in Africa, many international conservationists and policymakers do not recognize this. Through institutions such as CITES, they continue to pursue a command-and-control approach that depends on regulations or bans to restrict wildlife use. This approach now threatens to undermine the success achieved thus far, as the extraordinarily high black market price for rhino horn has fuelled a new poaching drive. 尽管有清楚的证据表明,强有力的财产权和市场激励在非洲构建了最合理的犀牛保护模式,很多国际保护主义者和政策制定者对此依然不予认可。通过诸如CITES这样的机构,他们一直追求一种“命令加控制”的方法,依靠监管和禁令来限制对野生动物的使用。随着犀牛角异乎寻常的黑市高价促成了新的偷猎驱动力,这种方法如今威胁到了到目前为止已经取得的成功。 Before the recent upsurge in poaching, Asian nationals attempted to gain legitimate access to rhino horn by posing as trophy hunters. In response, South Africa’s government tightened controls over the hunting industry as well as the sale and use of live rhinos and rhino horn. Unfortunately, these restrictions only seemed to precipitate the current poaching crisis. The demand for rhino horn is significant and persistent enough to be very rewarding to criminals who are willing to supply it. 在最近的偷猎高潮之前,一些亚洲人试图作为战利品猎人而合法获取犀牛角。作为应对,南非政府加紧了对狩猎业以及贩卖和使用活犀牛和犀牛角的控制。不幸的是,这些限制看来仅仅加剧了当下的偷猎危机。对犀牛角的需求足够庞大而持久,这使那些愿意提供犀牛角的罪犯获利颇丰。
THREE RHINO MYTHS 有关犀牛的三个传说
- Rhino horn is used as an aphrodisiac in Asia. Rhino horn is used as an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine to treat serious illnesses involving high fevers and toxicity. In Vietnam, it is sought as a cancer remedy.
- 犀牛角在亚洲被用作一种壮阳药。犀牛角作为一种传统中药成分,用来治疗伴有高烧和中毒症状的严重疾病。在越南,人们认为犀牛角可以治愈癌症。
- Rhino poaching is driven by greed and evil people. Rhino poaching is driven by the high price for rhino horn, which is caused by an artificial supply restriction from the ban in the face of persistent demand, creating perverse incentives.
- 人性的贪婪邪恶驱动了偷猎犀牛行为。面对持续的需求,贸易禁令制造了人为的供应限制,产生了不正当的激励,导致犀牛角的高价,驱动了偷猎犀牛行为。
- The medicinal demand for rhino horn is unscientific and therefore not legitimate. Use of rhino horns in Chinese medicine has cultural roots going back thousands of years and many of its adherents are unlikely to pay much attention to scientific arguments.
South Africa’s game ranchers are also willing to supply the market, and some have already experimented with ways to increase breeding and horn growth rates in a free-range farming environment. Rhino horn is made of keratin (similar to fingernails and hair) and can be periodically and humanely harvested from live rhinos at minimal cost (as little as $20 dollars to sedate an animal and cut off its horns). If the CITES ban was lifted, legal commercial rhino horn production from ranchers could outcompete most illegal harvesting by poachers. 南非的狩猎农场主也愿意向市场供应犀牛,而且一些农场主已经尝试了在放养的农场环境中增加犀牛繁殖和犀牛角生长率的方法。犀牛角由角蛋白(类似于指甲和头发)构成,能周期性地且人道地以最小代价从活犀牛上获得。(麻醉一头犀牛采割牛角的花费低至20美元。)假如CITES的禁令放开,来自农场主的合法商业犀牛角生产便可在竞争中击败绝大多数偷猎者非法获得的犀牛角。 Unfortunately, this pragmatic market solution does not appeal to key international conservationists, who insist that better enforcement and more political will are needed to solve the poaching crisis. Tragically, this may not be enough. 不幸的是,这种务实的市场解决方案对主要的国际保护主义者没有吸引力。他们坚持认为需要更好的执法和更多的政治意愿来解决偷猎危机。可悲的是,更好的执法和更多的政治意愿可能是不够的。 There are many other examples of failed bans, such as alcohol prohibition and the war on drugs, characterized by insufficient incentives to implement them successfully. The market-incentive success story of African rhino conservation may yet be undermined by a failure to recognize and learn from it. 已经有很多禁令失败的例子,比如禁酒和禁毒战争,就是因为没有充分的激励使这些禁令成功实施。市场激励在保护非洲犀牛上取得的成功,可能会由于人们未能认识激励机制并吸取经验而受挫。 MICHAEL 'T SAS-ROLFES is an environmental economist based in South Africa and a 2011 PERC Lone Mountain Fellow. 作者MICHAEL 'T SAS-ROLFES是位南非环境经济学家,2011年的 PERC Lone Mountain Fellow。 (编辑:辉格@whigzhou) *注:本译文未经原作者授权,本站对原文不持有也不主张任何权利,如果你恰好对原文拥有权益并希望我们移除相关内容,请私信联系,我们会立即作出响应。
- 对犀牛角的药用需求缺乏科学根据,因此非法。犀牛角用作中药有数千年的文化根基,因此很多中医拥护者不太会关心有关的科学争论。
——海德沙龙·翻译组,致力于将英文世界的好文章搬进中文世界——
【2015-07-24】
@澳洲神奶 找老公就要找爱护小动物的男人,研究表明米国七到八成因家暴进入庇护所的妇女表示其丈夫或男友也曾经虐待或者杀害宠物。虐儿者高达88%同时也是虐畜者。 http://t.cn/RLXRJmG 大多数女性天然讨厌虐畜男,是可以用演化心理学解释的。
@黄章晋ster:我越来越倾向于认为,对猫狗的态度很大程度上是基因决定的,即很可能喜欢宣扬杀猫狗的人,催产苏受体不太敏感,所以在情感表达上,更接近哺乳类和鸟类之外的脊椎动物。大象公会或许会在机会适当时,征集志愿者做这样的实验。
禁售政策正在加速大象灭绝
辉格
2013年1月16日
最近,香港海关在三个月内第三次截获大宗走私象牙,共779根1.3吨,而上两次分别为1.6吨和3.8吨;近年来象牙走私的热潮看来仍在延续,全球海关查获数量从2007年的10吨上升到了2011年创纪录的40吨,去年的不完全统计已超过27.5吨,完整数字很可能接近甚至超过前年的纪录。
从流动方向看,中国需求显然是此轮象牙走私高潮的主要推动力量,据此,许多评论者认为这是中国经济增长和消费者购买力提高的结果,但这一观点很难成立,因为过去五年中国消费者收入虽有所增长,但与此同时象牙及其制品的价格却上涨了十几倍,远远超过收入增速,所以,除非偏好发生了变化,否则象牙需求不会如此暴涨。
实际上,偏好确实发生了变化,而变化的起因,正是中国政府为履行《濒危野(more...)
【2012-11-23】
@whigzhou: 每次给#猫#准备食物时,他都会在十秒钟以内就感觉到,然后嗷嗷的凑上来,起初我以为是凭嗅觉发现的,现在看来他是综合了多种信号的,如果我动作稍微慢了点(有时要微波炉加热),他会变得急躁,此时假如他无法接近食物,会临时为自己找点事情做,通常是抓挠附近的纸箱和门框,大概是以此缓解焦虑
@大瓶子鲜森: 如果您虚假模拟此行为,猫会怎么办?
@whigzhou: 我给自己冲咖啡时,他也有过类似反应,可能因为也包括了开冰箱、开瓶(more...)
【2012-11-07】
@陈乃章 食肉动物中狮是一夫多妻制的,狮群普遍以一个雄性为核心占据一块领地,围绕一定量的雌性和血缘幼仔,领地内的捕猎哺育主要由雌性负责,雄性要做的除了驱逐其他雄性外就是交配了,但猎物要先由雄性食用后才轮到其他人,在人类史上把这个叫做“母系社会”。
@whigzhou: 其实是母狮群占有领地,公狮再占有母狮群,母狮群与领地间的关系具有延续性,而雄性幼狮长大后会被驱逐出领地,自寻出路
@陈乃章 狼是典型的对偶婚制,通常一个狼群可以由一雄一雌的核心家庭和他们的幼仔组成,狼群都是一起捕猎,食物一般(more...)
打狼不必忌狗
辉格
2012年3月29日
本月中旬,山东枣庄在六天内连续发生了七起灰狼伤人事件,其中一次造成一位妇女死亡,一个上学途中的孩子重伤;幸好,伤人的那头狼在经过警方的艰难追捕后最终被击毙;期间,当地警方显然提高了防狼警惕,并因此而围捕了几只流浪在外的、外观与狼较为相似的家犬,捕捉过程也不可避免的对它们造成了一些伤害。
奇怪的是,此后媒体的采访报道和网友们的评论,焦点都迅速聚集到了对警方为何不能正确辨认灰狼和哈士奇的质疑之上,有人在讨论或传授辨别灰狼和哈士奇的方法,更多的人则质疑警方是否有权以(more...)
本来早已是家常便饭:看到某条貌似谣言的东西,随手一搜,果然是谣言,也就一笑了之,可这位辟谣者实在牛逼,实在变态,我又被感动了,忍不住要帮他宣传宣传。
谣言本身很俗套,看标题就知道——赵牧:世界名人论如何对待动物
像托尔斯泰甘地萧伯纳之类说那些话我倒不觉得奇怪(即便是谣言也谣的挺像),可林肯和富兰克林也被摆在那里就怎么看都不像了,
1. 我对人权和动物权益一样重视,这也应是全体人类该有的共识 。—— 林肯
……
8. 吃肉正是一种没有正当理由的谋杀行為。—— 发明家 班杰明.富兰克林
……
于是就在google里输入了“Is Benjamin Franklin vegetarian ?”,浏览了两三页,结果是:所有说富兰克林是素食主义者的网页都是以素食主义为主题的(这种来源性质单一性是谣言的最显著特征),而那些旨在介绍富兰克林本人的网页,提到素食问题时,说法有所出入,但大意是:他16岁时听人说到素食的好处,于是吃了一段时间素食,但主要是为了省钱和省时间,另外也和他历来提倡的简朴美德相一致,但他不久便放弃了素(more...)
1. 我对人权和动物权益一样重视,这也应是全体人类该有的共识 。—— 林肯 …… 8. 吃肉正是一种没有正当理由的谋杀行為。—— 发明家 班杰明.富兰克林 ……
于是就在google里输入了“Is Benjamin Franklin vegetarian ?”,浏览了两三页,结果是:所有说富兰克林是素食主义者的网页都是以素食主义为主题的(这种来源性质单一性是谣言的最显著特征),而那些旨在介绍富兰克林本人的网页,提到素食问题时,说法有所出入,但大意是:他16岁时听人说到素食的好处,于是吃了一段时间素食,但主要是为了省钱和省时间,另外也和他历来提倡的简朴美德相一致,但他不久便放弃了素食限制,明确可考的是,他后来至少吃鱼。 关于富兰克林的谣言很普通,感动我的是关于林肯的,环境与动物保护主义者[[Mike Hudak]]用Google仔细搜索了这条所谓林肯名言的出处,发现来源都指向素食主义兼动保分子[[Jon Wynne-Tyson]]1985年的一本书,于是他找到这本书,结果让他吓了一跳:上述引文的来源脚注里写的是:《林肯全集》(Complete Works)。没有卷号、篇名、章节、页码,啥都没有。 从直觉上看,这是谣言无疑,像我这种人查到这儿也就满意了,洗洗睡了,可是我这哥们就是不答应,于是感动我的事情发生了:Mike从图书馆找到了12卷4637页的林肯全集,花了两个月时间,逐页翻阅,然后才宣布:根本没有这句话,连animal rights这个词组都不曾出现!(这里是Mike的原文)动物权利不是动物的权利
辉格
2012年2月21日
作为一种新兴的价值观潮流,近年来动物保护主义在国内的影响日益增长,从吃狗肉习俗、流浪猫狗的境遇、到最近的熊胆问题,一个个热点被激活,善待动物的理念也随之而得以广泛传播;这一过程中,它难免会与既有的价值观、习俗乃至权益发生冲突,贩运肉犬的车辆遭遇拦截已屡见不鲜,而这次,归真堂又成为众矢之的。
在一个开放社会,价值多元化和价值之间的对立冲突本是常态,自然不必为此惊慌,不过,多元价值得以和平共存于一个社会,价值冲突不至于变成相互侵犯和强制,需要有一些规则来划定行为的边界,这些边界就是所谓的权利,因而,当我们需要(more...)
从猫狗党看博爱和福利主义
辉格
2011年4月19日
最近,一群动物保护者又完成了一项震惊世人的壮举,经过极具效率的侦查、联络、召集和跟踪,在高速公路上成功拦截了一辆长途贩运犬只的大货车,并在长时间僵持和谈判之后,以大约200元一条的价格买下了这500多条狗;令人称奇的是,这一声势浩大、众目睽睽的行动,居然躲过了交警的处罚,足见其组织能量之大。
喜爱动物,特别是喜爱猫狗马兔猴等其形象已深植于我们文化的动物,是许多甚或多数人都会有的情感,也因此,许多人会在家里豢养宠物,但是,他们中很少有人会成为上面看到的那种动物保护者,这并不是因(more...)