【2022-09-03】
@whigzhou: 突然想到一种可能性,这回他们这么孜孜不倦不依不饶的,或许是因为他们比谁都清楚,那玩意儿是人造的,是非自然产物,而对非自然产物的莫名恐惧是很常见的,
这么一想好像就容易理解一点了,
【自然 vs 非自然】的思考方式(或者更准确的说,是反应模式,因为其中说不上有什么可以称为思考的东西)已经引出了许多有趣的结果,
有些成分若出现在腌菜、熏肉、奶酪之类所谓传统食品中,就是风味,若是出现在现代方式加工的食品中,那就是毒素了,
< (more...)【2022-09-03】
@whigzhou: 突然想到一种可能性,这回他们这么孜孜不倦不依不饶的,或许是因为他们比谁都清楚,那玩意儿是人造的,是非自然产物,而对非自然产物的莫名恐惧是很常见的,
这么一想好像就容易理解一点了,
【自然 vs 非自然】的思考方式(或者更准确的说,是反应模式,因为其中说不上有什么可以称为思考的东西)已经引出了许多有趣的结果,
有些成分若出现在腌菜、熏肉、奶酪之类所谓传统食品中,就是风味,若是出现在现代方式加工的食品中,那就是毒素了,
< (more...)The Lower Productivity Of Organic Farming: A New Analysis And Its Big Implications
有机农业生产率更低:一项新的分析及其重大含义
作者:Steven Savage @ 2015-10-9
译者:沈沉(@你在何地-sxy)
校对:babyface_claire
来源:Forbes,http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevensavage/2015/10/09/the-organic-farming-yield-gap/
The productivity of organic farming is typically lower than that of comparable “conventional” farms. This difference is sometimes debated, but a recent USDA survey of organic agriculture demonstrates that commercial organic in the U.S. has a significant yield gap.
有机农业的生产率通常低于可比的“传统”农业。其中差异时有争论,不过美国农业部最近关于有机农业的一项调查证实,美国的商业有机作物存在一个巨大的产量差距。
I compared 2014 survey data from organic growers with overall agricultural yield statistics for that year on a crop by crop, state by state basis. The picture that emerges is clear – organic yields are mostly lower. To have raised all U.S. crops as organic in 2014 would have required farming of one hundred nine million more acres of land. That is an area equivalent to all the parkland and wildland areas in the lower 48 states or 1.8 times as much as all the urban land in the nation.
我将采自有机作物种植者的2014年调查数据与农业总产量统计数据分作物、分州别进行了对比,得出的画面非常清晰——有机作物的产量一般都更低。如果2014年全美农作物都是有机种植,那么需要耕种的土地将比实际多出1.09亿英亩。这一面积相当于本土48州所有绿地和荒地的总和,或全国所有城市用地之和的1.8倍。
As of 2014 the reported acreage of organic cropland only represented 0.44% of the total, but if organic were to expand significantly, its lower land-use-efficiency would become problematic. This is one of several reasons to question the assertion that organic farming is better for the environment.
到2014年,公开的有机农用地面积只占全部农地的0.44%,但如果有机种植大幅扩张,它那较低的用地效率将很棘手。有人断言有机农业对环境更有利,这里提到的只是质疑理由之一。
The USDA conducted a detailed survey of organics in 2008 and then again in 2014. Information is collected about the number of farms, the acres of crops harvested, the production from those acres, and the value of what is sold. The USDA also collects similar data every year for agriculture in general and makes it very accessible via Quick Stats.
美国农业部2008年对有机作物进行了一次详细调查,2014年又做了一次。采集的信息包括农场数量、作物收获面积、产量和卖出总价。美国农业部每年还针对全部农业采集类似数据,并在Quick Stats上公开发布。
It i(more...)
【2014年有机与传统农业统计数据比较概要】
For 292 of those comparisons, the organic yields were lower (84% on an area basis). There were 55 comparisons where organic yield was higher, but 89% of the higher yielding organic examples involved hay and silage crops rather than food crops. The organic yield gap is predominant for row crops, fruit crops and vegetables as can be seen in the graphs below. 在其中292个比较结果中,有机作物产量都要更低(以面积而言占到84%)。有机作物产量更高的,有55组比较结果。但这些产量更高的案例中有89%种的是干草和青贮饲料作物,而非食用作物。以下图表显示:有机作物产量差距在中耕作物、水果作物和蔬菜中非常突出。 The reasons for the gap vary with crop and geography. In some cases the issue is the ability to meet periods of peak nutrient demand using only organic sources. The issue can be competition from weeds because herbicides are generally lacking for organic. In some cases its reflects higher yield loss to diseases and insects. Although organic farmers definitely use pesticides, the restriction to natural options can leave crops vulnerable to damage. 出现差距的原因随作物和地理不同而有所不同。在某些情形中,问题出在只用有机资源来满足营养需求高峰的能力上。问题也可能出在杂草竞争,因为有机作物中一般不用除草剂。在某些情形中,它反映的是因病害和虫害导致的减产。尽管种植有机作物的农场主绝对也会用杀虫剂,但是对天然产品的限制要求仍会让作物更易受到伤害。 I’ve posted a much more detailed summary of this information on SCRIBD with the data at the state level. 有关上述信息,我已在SCRIBD上贴了一份更加详细的摘要,用的是州级层面的数据。【大量主要中耕作物采用有机种植时产量大幅降低】
【有机水果和坚果的产量绝大多数都大幅低于传统种植】
【蔬菜作物中的产量差距存在巨大差异】
There is some potential for artifacts within this data set. If the proportion of irrigated and non-irrigated land differs between organic and conventional that would skew the data. With lettuce and spinach it is likely that the organic is proportionally more in the “baby” category making yields appear dramatically lower. 这组数据中可能存在一些人为现象。如果在有机种植和传统种植中,灌溉地和非灌溉地的比例不同,那么数据就有所扭曲。生菜和菠菜的有机种植可能很大程度上仍属于“婴儿”类,故而产出差距看起来十分大。 But overall this window on farming is useful for understanding the current state of commercial organic production. Since the supply of prime farmland is finite, and water is in short supply in places like California, resource-use-efficiency is an issue even at the current scale of organic (1.5 million cropland acres, 3.6 million including pasture and rangeland). 但总体来说,这一农业信息窗口很有用,能让我们了解商业有机作物生产的现状。由于优质农田的供给是有限的,而在加州等地,水也存在供给短缺,因此,即便是以有机作物当前的种植面积(150万英亩耕地,包括草地和牧场则为360万亩)来说,资源利用效率也是个大问题。 You are welcome to comment here and/or to email me at [email protected]. I’d be happy to share a data file with interested parties and to get feedback about where particular yield comparisons might be misleading. A more detailed presentation is available at https://www.scribd.com/doc/283996769/The-Yield-Gap-For-Organic-Farming 欢迎提出评论或发送邮件至[email protected]。我愿意和感兴趣者分享数据文件,如果哪个具体的产量比较可能具有误导性,我也希望得到反馈。更详细的介绍请见:https://www.scribd.com/doc/283996769/The-Yield-Gap-For-Organic-Farming (编辑:辉格@whigzhou) *注:本译文未经原作者授权,本站对原文不持有也不主张任何权利,如果你恰好对原文拥有权益并希望我们移除相关内容,请私信联系,我们会立即作出响应。——海德沙龙·翻译组,致力于将英文世界的好文章搬进中文世界——
The Colossal Hoax Of Organic Agriculture
有机农业的惊天骗局
作者:Henry I. Miller, Drew L. Kershen @ 2015-7-29
译者:小聂
校对:林翠 陈小乖(@lion_kittyyyyy)
来源:Forbes,http://www.forbes.com/sites/henrymiller/2015/07/29/why-organic-agriculture-is-a-colossal-hoax/
Consumers of organic foods are getting both more and less than they bargained for. On both counts, it’s not good.
对有机食品的消费者来说,现实既多于期望,也少于期望。两样都不是好事。
Many people who pay the huge premium—often more than a hundred percent–for organic foods do so because they’re afraid of pesticides. If that’s their rationale, they misunderstand the nuances of organic agriculture.
许多人愿意为有机食品支付高额溢价——有时甚至超出原价一倍,是因为他们害怕农药残留。如果这真是基于他们的理性选择,说明他们有机农业的某些细节存在误解。
Although it’s true that synthetic chemical pesticides are generally prohibited, there is a lengthy list of exceptions listed in the Organic Foods Production Act, while most “natural” ones are permitted.
虽然化学合成农药确实通常被禁止用于有机食品生产,但是《有机食品生产法》(Organic Food Production Act)中却有一份长长的例外清单,同时,大部分“天然”农药也被允许使用。
However, “organic” pesticides can be toxic. As evolutionary biologist Christie Wilcox explained in 标签:
Organic certification is process-based. That is, certifying agents attest to the ability of organic operations to follow a set of production standards and practices which meet the requirements of the Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 and the [National Organic Program] regulations . . . If all aspects of the organic production or handling process were followed correctly, then the presence of detectable residue from a genetically modified organism alone does not constitute a violation of this regulation. [emphasis added] 有机认证是基于过程的认证。就是说,认证机构负责认定有机产品的生产操作是否符合1990年《有机食品生产法》以及[国家有机计划]等监管机构所要求的生产标准及操作规范。如果有机生产及处理的过程完全合规,那么仅凭转基因成分残留并不构成违规。【粗体由本文作者所加】Putting it another way, so long as an organic farmer abides by his organic system (production) plan–a plan that an organic certifying agent must approve before granting the farmer organic status–the unintentional presence of GMOs (or, for that matter, prohibited synthetic pesticides) in any amount does not affect the organic status of the farmer’s products or farm. 换句话说,只要生产有机作物的农民遵守自己制定的有机体系(生产)计划(这一有机生产计划必须先得到有机认证机构的批准,农民才会被授予有机生产许可),无论有多少非有意掺入的转基因成分(或者是违禁化学合成农药)都不会影响产品或者农场的有机认证。 Under only two circumstances does USDA sanction the testing of organic products for prohibited residues (such as pesticides, synthetic fertilizers or antibiotics) or excluded substances (e.g., genetically engineered organisms). First, USDA’s National Organic Production Standards support the testing of products if an organic-certifying agent believes that the farmer is intentionally using prohibited substances or practices. And second, USDA requires that certifying agents test five percent of their certified operations each year. The certifying agents themselves determine which operations will be subjected to testing. 只有在两种情况下,美国农业部才会允许对有机产品做违禁成分残余(例如农药,合成化肥,或抗生素)或是例外成分(例如转基因作物)的测试。美国农业部国家有机生产标准支持对产品进行检测的第一种情况是,认证机构认为农民有意使用违禁品或是采取违禁操作。第二种情况是,美国农业部要求,认证机构每年对其所认证的生产计划的5%进行抽检。认证机构自行决定抽检对象。 The organic community, including the International Federation of Organic Agricultural Movements (IFOAM), supports the USDA’s lenient testing protocols and opposes more frequent mandatory testing of organic products for prohibited and excluded substances. 包括国际有机农业运动联盟(IFOAM)在内的有机食品界支持美国农业部的宽松检测协定,并反对对产品中违禁和例外成分做更频繁的强制检测。 The organic community and USDA offer two explanations for such minimal testing. First, they emphasize that organic farming is process-based, not product-based, meaning that what counts for organic certification are the approved organic system (production) plan and the farmer’s intention to comply with that plan as reflected through record-keeping obligations. 有机食品界以及美国农业部对这样小范围的产品检测,给出了两点解释。第一,他们强调有机农业是过程认证,而非产品认证。即对于有机认证来说,最重要的是得到认证的有机体系(生产)计划,和从保存生产记录的责任中所反映出的农民对于遵守该计划的意愿。 Second, widespread testing would impose substantial costs on organic farmers, thereby increasing production costs beyond the already greater expenses that organic farmers incur. Organic farmers offset these higher productions costs by earning large premiums for organic products, but there is always a price point beyond which consumers will shift to cheaper non-organic. 第二,广泛的检测会显著增加生产有机产品的农民的成本,使本已承受高额支出的有机作物农民的生产成本变得更高。从事有机生产的农民会以提高有机产品溢价的方式转移高生产成本,但当价格高到一定程度时,消费者便会转向更便宜的非有机产品。 Few organic consumers are aware that organic agriculture is a “trust-based” or “faith-based” system. With every purchase, they are at risk of the moral hazard that an organic farmer will represent cheaper-to-produce non-organic products as the premium-priced organic product. 很少有有机食品的消费者会意识到,有机农业是“基于信任”甚至是“基于信仰”的体系。每一笔交易都伴随着这样的道德风险:有机农民可以用低成本的非有机产品充当高价的有机产品。 For the vast majority of products, no tests can distinguish organic from non-organic—for example, whether milk labeled “organic” came from a cow within the organic production system or from a cow across the fence from a conventional dairy farm. The higher the organic premium, the stronger the economic incentive to cheat. 对于绝大多数产品,没有什么检测能区分有机和非有机,比如,无法区分标有“有机”的牛奶到底是产自一头来自有机生产体系的奶牛,还是来自传统奶牛场栅栏里的奶牛。有机产品的溢价越高,作假的经济激励就越大。 Think such nefarious behavior is purely theoretical? Think again. USDA reported in 2012 that 43 percent of the 571 samples of “organic” produce that were tested contained prohibited pesticide residues, and that “the findings suggest that some of the samples in violation were mislabeled conventional products, while others were organic products that hadn’t been adequately protected from prohibited pesticides.” 觉得这种恶行只有理论上的可能?再想想吧。据2012年美国农业部报告,在对571份“有机”产品样本的测试中发现,43%含有违禁农药残留,并且“结果显示某些不合格的样本实为被错误贴上有机标签的普通产品,而其余的则是由于保护不到位而导致违禁农药污染有机产品。” How do organic farmers get away with such chicanery? A 2014 investigation by the Wall Street Journal of USDA inspection records from 2005 on found that 38 of the 81 certifying agents–entities accredited by USDA to inspect and certify organic farms and suppliers—“failed on at least one occasion to uphold basic Agriculture Department standards.” 造就如此骗局的有机农民是如何蒙混过关的?2014年《华尔街日报》对美国农业部自2005年以来的检验记录进行了调查(),结果显示,在81个经美国农业部授权,有资格考核认证有机农场和有机产品供应商资质的有机认证机构中,有38个“至少有一次未能达到农业部标准。” More specifically, “40% of these 81 certifiers have been flagged by the USDA for conducting incomplete inspections; 16% of certifiers failed to cite organic farms’ potential use of banned pesticides and antibiotics; and 5% failed to prevent potential commingling of organic and non-organic products.” 更确切的说,“81个认证机构中,40%被美国农业部标示为未能完全履行检验职责;16%的认证机构未能提出其认证的有机农场对于违禁农药和抗生素的潜在使用情况;5%未能防止潜在的有机产品和非有机产品混杂的情况。” Speaking of trust and faith—or lack thereof–in organic foods, there was the example of holier-than-thou Whole Foods importing large amounts of its supposedly “organic” produce from China, of all places. Those imports even included Whole Foods’ house brand, “California Blend.” (Yes, you read that correctly.) 说到有机食品中的信任和信仰问题,或者说信任和信仰缺失问题,有个例子值得一提,那就是高大上的Whole Foods,它从中国,而不是其他地方,进口了大批据说是“有机”的产品。其中甚至包括Whole Foods的自营品牌“加利福尼亚混选”。(是的,你没有看错) Organic agriculture is an unscientific, heavily subsidized marketing gimmick that misleads and rips off consumers, both because of the nature of the regulations and cheating. The old saying that you get what you pay for doesn’t apply when you buy overpriced organic products. 有机农业是一场不科学的,严重依赖补贴的营销把戏,它误导和敲诈了消费者,其产生的原因归根结底在于食品监管的本性,以及欺骗。当你购买要价过高的有机产品时,一分钱一分货这句老话不再适用。 (编辑:辉格@whigzhou) *注:本译文未经原作者授权,本站对原文不持有也不主张任何权利,如果你恰好对原文拥有权益并希望我们移除相关内容,请私信联系,我们会立即作出响应。
——海德沙龙·翻译组,致力于将英文世界的好文章搬进中文世界——
本来早已是家常便饭:看到某条貌似谣言的东西,随手一搜,果然是谣言,也就一笑了之,可这位辟谣者实在牛逼,实在变态,我又被感动了,忍不住要帮他宣传宣传。
谣言本身很俗套,看标题就知道——赵牧:世界名人论如何对待动物
像托尔斯泰甘地萧伯纳之类说那些话我倒不觉得奇怪(即便是谣言也谣的挺像),可林肯和富兰克林也被摆在那里就怎么看都不像了,
1. 我对人权和动物权益一样重视,这也应是全体人类该有的共识 。—— 林肯
……
8. 吃肉正是一种没有正当理由的谋杀行為。—— 发明家 班杰明.富兰克林
……
于是就在google里输入了“Is Benjamin Franklin vegetarian ?”,浏览了两三页,结果是:所有说富兰克林是素食主义者的网页都是以素食主义为主题的(这种来源性质单一性是谣言的最显著特征),而那些旨在介绍富兰克林本人的网页,提到素食问题时,说法有所出入,但大意是:他16岁时听人说到素食的好处,于是吃了一段时间素食,但主要是为了省钱和省时间,另外也和他历来提倡的简朴美德相一致,但他不久便放弃了素(more...)
1. 我对人权和动物权益一样重视,这也应是全体人类该有的共识 。—— 林肯 …… 8. 吃肉正是一种没有正当理由的谋杀行為。—— 发明家 班杰明.富兰克林 ……
于是就在google里输入了“Is Benjamin Franklin vegetarian ?”,浏览了两三页,结果是:所有说富兰克林是素食主义者的网页都是以素食主义为主题的(这种来源性质单一性是谣言的最显著特征),而那些旨在介绍富兰克林本人的网页,提到素食问题时,说法有所出入,但大意是:他16岁时听人说到素食的好处,于是吃了一段时间素食,但主要是为了省钱和省时间,另外也和他历来提倡的简朴美德相一致,但他不久便放弃了素食限制,明确可考的是,他后来至少吃鱼。 关于富兰克林的谣言很普通,感动我的是关于林肯的,环境与动物保护主义者[[Mike Hudak]]用Google仔细搜索了这条所谓林肯名言的出处,发现来源都指向素食主义兼动保分子[[Jon Wynne-Tyson]]1985年的一本书,于是他找到这本书,结果让他吓了一跳:上述引文的来源脚注里写的是:《林肯全集》(Complete Works)。没有卷号、篇名、章节、页码,啥都没有。 从直觉上看,这是谣言无疑,像我这种人查到这儿也就满意了,洗洗睡了,可是我这哥们就是不答应,于是感动我的事情发生了:Mike从图书馆找到了12卷4637页的林肯全集,花了两个月时间,逐页翻阅,然后才宣布:根本没有这句话,连animal rights这个词组都不曾出现!(这里是Mike的原文)纯天然概念是否值得被引入法律?
辉格
2011年11月9日
近年来,一股围绕着绿色、自然、有机等等概念而汇聚涌动的价值观和生活方式潮流,正在从西方向全球迅速蔓延,在许多地方它已经在主导着社会风尚,尽管在实践上未必被广泛遵循,但在观念上却已成为主流:大规模制造、复杂深度加工、矿物与合成原料的广泛使用等等与现代工业联系在一起的元素,被认为是过时和粗鄙的,尽管出于便利和成本的考虑仍不得不使用,而简约、自然和返璞才是高雅而时尚的,在能够负担的限度内总是值得追求的。
实际上,作为对现代工业和城市文明的一种反应,类似的价值和生活方式潮流已经有过好几波,它几乎成为孪生兄弟,伴随着每一轮技术和产业革新浪潮;原因不外乎,每当产业革新大幅提升了大众的消费水平,那些高尚阶层就不得不为自己构造新型生活方式来拉开他们与庸众的距离,至于他们所宣称的与环境保护之间的关系,不过是件完全经不起推敲的伪装。
如同以往,消费品制造商对这些潮流变动的反应并不迟钝,即便他们造不出严格意义上的天然有机产品,至少可以附和这些概念,利用这些标签,毕竟时尚总是在瀑布式的向下渗透,大众负担不起纯正版有机生活,但不太纯的版本仍是有吸引(more...)
纯天然是个可笑的诉求
辉格
2010年7月26日
在当今的传播环境中,企业,特别是生产大众消费品的企业,需要留意的一个风险是:你随时可能在毫无过错的情况下,被一阵你无法预料的传播风暴所秒杀;霸王是最新的牺牲品,在《壹周刊》的“致癌”报道面市后两个交易日内,它的市值蒸发超过20%,此后随着事态逐渐明朗、药监局检测结果公布,股价有所回升,但与事件之前相比仍有15%以上的差距,而此事的最终影响,还要等今后几个季度的销售数字出来才能看清。
从某种角度,可以说霸王是自食其果,今天他所遭遇的灾难,虽不是他一手造就,却是他所积极参与和推动的那(more...)
这是松鼠会riset文章《洗发水里的“致癌物”究竟有多可怕?》的最后一段:
鉴于AES中的二恶烷难以消除以及其他石油来源的表面活性剂都存在一些缺陷,下一代毒性更小、生物相容性更好以及来源于脂肪醇、棕榈油等天然成分的新型表面活性剂正在研究当中。
给我感觉就像,甲给乙讲完老板布置的任务后,结尾突然来了句:你老婆功夫不错啊。
1)什么是“一些缺陷”?有证据支持50ppm以下的二恶烷残留是一种缺陷吗?30ppm呢?10呢?
2)“毒性更小”(more...)
鉴于AES中的二恶烷难以消除以及其他石油来源的表面活性剂都存在一些缺陷,下一代毒性更小、生物相容性更好以及来源于脂肪醇、棕榈油等天然成分的新型表面活性剂正在研究当中。
给我感觉就像,甲给乙讲完老板布置的任务后,结尾突然来了句:你老婆功夫不错啊。 1)什么是“一些缺陷”?有证据支持50ppm以下的二恶烷残留是一种缺陷吗?30ppm呢?10呢? 2)“毒性更小”?有证据支持50ppm以下的二恶烷残留有毒性吗?30ppm呢?10呢? 3)“以及其他石油来源” vs “等天然成分”,有证据支持天然成分比石油来源成分更少“一些缺陷”吗? (我也学着来一句)当然,有机教教徒们一定会很欣赏这最后一段。我一直以为环保主义者很傻,不可理喻,他们一边为地球的未来忧心忡忡,一边却阻止修建核电站,甚至反对清洁煤技术,他们声称留给人类减排的时间已经不够了,同时却把全部希望寄托在杯水车薪且进展缓慢的太阳能和风能上,他们甚至不惜让生物燃料吞噬仅存的两片雨林。
两天前电视上看到的一个镜头加深了我的这一印象,那是部纪录片,一小队雨林中的部落民,每人扛着三四只刚用毒箭射死的猴子,正满意的走在回家路上。当时我想:这不正是环保主义者所竭力提倡和梦寐以求的回归自然吗?所谓的原生态无非就是如此嘛。
环保主义的反工业、反城市、反现代、主张回归自然、提倡有机农业,所有这些诉求,如若有机会付诸实行,都将以最快的速度抹去他们所珍爱的那种自然环境的残余。乡村风情(more...)