【2019-10-20】
我觉得女性劳动参与率提高会降低阶层流动性,因为假如男性预期未来妻子是家庭妇女,择偶时就不会太在意其教育程度和潜在工资水平,反之,则会在这方面更assortative,从而提高阶层内婚比例,如图所示,工资收入Top10%的男性的配偶的工资收入也在Top10%里的比例自70年代以来一直在上升,同期女性劳动参与率也在提高,来源:How Assortative Mating Is Driving Income Inequality by Branko Milanovic
【2019-10-20】
我觉得女性劳动参与率提高会降低阶层流动性,因为假如男性预期未来妻子是家庭妇女,择偶时就不会太在意其教育程度和潜在工资水平,反之,则会在这方面更assortative,从而提高阶层内婚比例,如图所示,工资收入Top10%的男性的配偶的工资收入也在Top10%里的比例自70年代以来一直在上升,同期女性劳动参与率也在提高,来源:How Assortative Mating Is Driving Income Inequality by Branko Milanovic
Class, Caste, and Genes
阶级、种姓和基因
作者:Henry Harpending @ 2012-01-13
译者:尼克基得慢(@尼克基得慢)
校对:辉格(@whigzhou)
来源:West Hunter,https://westhunt.wordpress.com/2012/01/13/class-caste-and-genes/
An article by Sabrina Tavernise appeared in the New York Times a few days ago describing increasing perceptions of class conflict in America, and there is a lot of recent commentary in the press about this report from the Pew Charitable Trust that claims there is less class mobility here than in several other northern countries. It is not very clear to me what the complaints really are or what alternatives exist. If there is any substantial heritability of merit, where merit is whatever leads to class mobility, then mobility ought to turn classes into hereditary castes surprisingly rapidly.
几天前,Sabrina Tavernise一篇描写美国阶级矛盾越发明显的文章刊登在了《纽约时报》上,这份来自皮尤慈善信托基金(the Pew Charitable Trust)的报告宣称美国的阶级流动性少于其他几个北方国家,最近的新闻对此有很多评论。但是我并没有搞清楚他们究竟在抱怨什么或者存在什么可行的替代选项。假设存在实质性的个体优势遗传,同时个体优势总会导致阶级流动,那流动性应该会迅速地把阶层转化为世袭的种姓式分化。
A start at looking int(more...)
——海德沙龙·翻译组,致力于将英文世界的好文章搬进中文世界——
The Atlantic: Denmark Isn’t Magic
《大西洋月刊》:丹麦并不神奇
作者:DEREK THOMPSON @ 2016-08-02
译者:明珠(@老茄爱天一爱亨亨更爱楚楚)
校对:Drunkplane(@Drunkplane-zny)
来源:The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/08/the-american-dream-isnt-alive-in-denmark/494141/
New research suggests that the American dream isn’t alive in Scandinavia—but generous redistribution of wealth isn’t a terrible consolation prize.
新的研究表明,美国梦在斯堪的纳维亚没市场,但慷慨大方的财富再分配并非糟糕的安慰奖。
Danophilia is alive and well in America. Bernie Sanders and other liberals have lauded Denmark’s social democratic dream state, with its free college tuition, nearly universal pre-K, and plentiful child care.
倒是丹麦迷在美国大受欢迎且很滋(more...)
——海德沙龙·翻译组,致力于将英文世界的好文章搬进中文世界——
北欧的1%比美国的1%待遇更好
Scandinavia treats its 1% even better than the US
作者:Allison Schrager @ 2016-05-13
译者:Luis Rightcon(@Rightcon)
校对:沈沉(@你在何地-sxy)
来源:Quartz,http://qz.com/528594/scandinavia-treats-its-1-even-better-than-the-us/
Young voters in America are growing skeptical of their country’s brand of capitalism. Their enthusiasm for Bernie Sanders suggests they crave something different, a romanticized version of Nordic socialism, with its generous welfare state and high tax rates.
美国的年轻选民们正在逐渐对他们国家的资本主义招牌产生怀疑。他们对民主党总统候选人Bernie Sanders的热情暗示了他们渴求某种不同的东西,一种浪漫化的、慷慨大方的北欧式社会主义高税率福利国家。
It is true that Nordic countries have a more equal distribution of wealth and income. They also have 标签:
——海德沙龙·翻译组,致力于将英文世界的好文章搬进中文世界——
【2016-07-13】
1)影响幸福感主要因素是相对社会地位及地位之近期变动,可以几个指标衡量:社会阶梯的级数(N),个体所能感知到的级数(M),个体处于哪一级(P),最近之升降(C),
2)处于各级的人口比例是不均匀的,至少从中位阶梯(即,站在该级上的人,其地位不低于一半人口)往上,数量呈指数下降,
3)社会大型化和复杂化将增加总的级数N,
4)密集居住、高流动性、发达媒体,将增加个体所能感知到的级数M,
5)增加M会让一些人(X)感觉自己相对地位下降了,同时让另一些人(Y)感觉自己相对地位上升了,因为(2),(more...)
Social mobility: why does private school give you such a leg up?
社会流动性:为什么私立学校能助你一臂之力?
作者:Matt Dickson @ 2015-8-18
译者:沈沉(@你在何地-sxy)
校对:小册子(@昵称被抢的小册子)
来源:The Conversation,https://theconversation.com/social-mobility-why-does-private-school-give-you-such-a-leg-up-45739
Ever since John Major declared his shock at the dominance of the privately educated throughout Britain’s “upper echelons of power”, there has been a brighter spotlight shone on the way top professions in society are dominated by a selective elite.
约翰·梅杰曾对私立学校毕业生在英国“权力梯次上层”的支配地位表示震惊,自此以后,优选精英如何占据社会顶层职业就受到越来越多的关注。
Addressing this problem has never been more important for UK social mobility. With the re-shaping of the economy towards services, it’s predicted that four out of five future jobs will be in these professions, making them key to the future of social mobility.
对于英国的社会流动性而言,处理这个问题的重要性前所未有。由于经济正在向服务业转型,预计未来有五分之四的工作岗位将来自这些顶层职业,因此它们就成为未来社会流动性的关键。
Alan Milburn’s 2012 report into fair access to the professions showed 43% of barristers, 54% of chief executives, 51% of top medics and 54% of leading journalists attended private schools. Nationally, only 7% of children attend private schools.
Alan Milburn 2012年关于公平职业机会的报告显示,43%的高级律师、54%的行政总监、51%的高级医生以及54%的新闻行业领袖念过私立学校。而全国范围内,现在只有7%的儿童在私立学校读书。
Research from the UCL Institute of Education and the University of Cambridge found that in a raw comparison, graduates who had attended private schools were 32% more likely to gain a “high-status” job – defined as the “higher managerial, administrative or professional” occupations – than state-school graduates from similar family types.
伦敦大学学院教育研究所和剑桥大学的研究发现,以来自相似家庭类型的大学毕业生做粗略比较,曾念过私立学校的比只念过公立学校的毕业生,找到“高等”工作的可能性要高出32%。该项研究将“高等”工作界定为“管理上、行政上或专业性上较高的”职业。
Even when accounting for other factors that could be driving this difference – such as a person’s grades in school, the university they attended, the course and qualification they got, or their age and gender – people who went to private school were still 8% more likely to access a high-status job after leaving university.
有一些其它因素也可能促成这一差异,比如在校成绩、所念大学、所修课程和专业资格、以及年龄与性别等。但即使将这些因素全都考虑在内,念过私立学校的学生大学毕业后获得高等工作的可能性仍然要高出8%。
A 标签:
Social mobility: why does private school give you such a leg up? 社会流动性:为什么私立学校能助你一臂之力?
作者:Matt Dickson @ 2015-8-18 译者:沈沉(@你在何地-sxy) 校对:小册子(@昵称被抢的小册子) 来源:The Conversation,https://theconversation.com/social-mobility-why-does-private-school-give-you-such-a-leg-up-45739 Ever since John Major declared his shock at the dominance of the privately educated throughout Britain’s “upper echelons of power”, there has been a brighter spotlight shone on the way top professions in society are dominated by a selective elite. 约翰·梅杰曾对私立学校毕业生在英国“权力梯次上层”的支配地位表示震惊,自此以后,优选精英如何占据社会顶层职业就受到越来越多的关注。 Addressing this problem has never been more important for UK social mobility. With the re-shaping of the economy towards services, it’s predicted that four out of five future jobs will be in these professions, making them key to the future of social mobility. 对于英国的社会流动性而言,处理这个问题的重要性前所未有。由于经济正在向服务业转型,预计未来有五分之四的工作岗位将来自这些顶层职业,因此它们就成为未来社会流动性的关键。 Alan Milburn’s 2012 report into fair access to the professions showed 43% of barristers, 54% of chief executives, 51% of top medics and 54% of leading journalists attended private schools. Nationally, only 7% of children attend private schools. Alan Milburn 2012年关于公平职业机会的报告显示,43%的高级律师、54%的行政总监、51%的高级医生以及54%的新闻行业领袖念过私立学校。而全国范围内,现在只有7%的儿童在私立学校读书。 Research from the UCL Institute of Education and the University of Cambridge found that in a raw comparison, graduates who had attended private schools were 32% more likely to gain a “high-status” job – defined as the “higher managerial, administrative or professional” occupations – than state-school graduates from similar family types. 伦敦大学学院教育研究所和剑桥大学的研究发现,以来自相似家庭类型的大学毕业生做粗略比较,曾念过私立学校的比只念过公立学校的毕业生,找到“高等”工作的可能性要高出32%。该项研究将“高等”工作界定为“管理上、行政上或专业性上较高的”职业。 Even when accounting for other factors that could be driving this difference – such as a person’s grades in school, the university they attended, the course and qualification they got, or their age and gender – people who went to private school were still 8% more likely to access a high-status job after leaving university. 有一些其它因素也可能促成这一差异,比如在校成绩、所念大学、所修课程和专业资格、以及年龄与性别等。但即使将这些因素全都考虑在内,念过私立学校的学生大学毕业后获得高等工作的可能性仍然要高出8%。 A new report from the Sutton Trust and upReach charities has taken the analysis a step further. The report found that six-months after finishing university, private school graduates in high-status jobs are earning £670 per year more than those from the state sector in the same high-status positions, even after taking into account any differences in age, gender, university attended and degree obtained. Three years later, this gap has grown such that a private-school graduate is on average earning £2,198 per year more than the comparable state-school graduate. Sutton Trust和upReach两家慈善机构新近发布的一份报告对此问题做了进一步的分析。报告发现,大学毕业6个月后,即使将年龄、性别、所念大学及所获学位的差异都考虑进去,从事高等工作的私立学校毕业生,年收入也比从事同样职业的国立学校毕业生多出670磅。三年之后这种差距拉得更大,相比于国立学校毕业生,私立学校毕业生平均每年收入要多2198磅。 Elite firms look for ‘soft skills’ 精英公司想要“软技能” What is it about private schooling that causes this to happen? When it comes to getting a job and progressing up pay scales, there are always other factors apart from grades that are difficult to measure, such as self-confidence, assertiveness, ambition, determination or communication skills. These may differ between the average private and state school students and may be driving the difference. 念私立学校有什么不同,以至于出现上述差异呢?在找工作和提高收入等级时,除了成绩之外,总还有一些其它难以衡量的影响因素,比如自信、坚定、抱负、决心或沟通能力等。私立和公立学校学生一般在这些方面可能有些不同,并可能因此导致了上述差异。 This is consistent with other research from the Sutton Trust which has found that applicants to high-status jobs from less-privileged backgrounds lack self-confidence. Recent research from the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission (SMCP) looking at recruitment to elite law, accountancy and financial services firms also identified that the differences in the non-academic skills of graduates from different school types played a key role in explaining different access to jobs and career progression. 这与Sutton Trust的另一项研究发现是一致的:出身弱势群体的人在申请高等工作时更加缺乏自信。社会流动性与儿童贫困委员会近期对法律、会计和金融服务等精英公司的招聘进行了研究,他们同样发现,在解释找工作和职业发展机会上的差异时,来自不同类型学校的毕业生在非学术技能上的差异是一个关键因素。 These elite firms look to recruit and promote “talent”. Their definitions incorporate the sort of non-academic skills that are not lacking in private school students, but can be lacking even among the most academically able state-school students. 这些精英公司想要招聘和提拔的是“才干之士”。在他们对“才干之士”的定义中,包含了私立学校学生从不缺乏的那些非学术技能,而在这些方面,即便是学术上最为杰出的公立学校学生也可能存在不足。 Gap in grades remains stark 成绩差距依然显著 There are policies that can help break down these barriers. The first requirement is to close the gap in attainment between different types of school. IFS research comparing the pay of state and privately educated people across all professions, found a 12% pay gap, half of which can be explained by prior attainment and the university subsequently attended. So, much of the gap is down to what happens in school. 有一些政策可以打破上述壁垒。第一个必须要做的,就是缩小不同类型学校在学业成就上的差距。英国财政研究学会对公立和私立学校毕业生在各类行业的薪酬水平进行了比较研究,发现其间存在12%的差距,该差距有一半源于早前的学业成就及随后所念的大学。因此,差距的很大一部分来自于在校经历。 The SMCP research also supports previous work that suggests attending “elite” universities and the course studied is becoming more and more important for access to top professions and higher pay. If we look at the difference in A-level attainment in the sort of “facilitating” subjects (such as maths, sciences and languages) that are preferred by the elite institutions, there is a suggestion that the gap between state and private school is narrowing. 前引社会流动性和儿童贫困委员会的研究结果也支持早前的一项研究,后者认为,接受“精英”大学教育及所学课程对于进入顶层职业和获得更高报酬的重要性与日俱增。精英机构更为偏爱那些使得进一步学习变得容易的“促进性”科目(比如数学、科学和语言等),如果我们去看中学高级水平考试中这些科目上的成绩差异,似乎有迹象表明,公立和私立学校之间的差距正在缩小。 Among 18-year-olds in 2004, 7.8% of state-school students had A*-B in three or more of these A-level subjects, compared with 21.6% of private school students. By 2010 the gap had closed slightly, largely due to a dip in independent schools' performance, but the proportion of state-school students attaining the grades required to access elite universities remains constant. 2004年的全部18岁学生中,有7.8%的公立学校学生在三门以上的中学高级水平考试“促进性”科目中得到了B或以上成绩,与之相比,私立学校学生则有21.6%。到了2010年,这一差距已略为减小,主要是因为独立学校的表现有所下滑,但取得精英大学最低录取成绩的公立学校学生比例并没有变化。——海德沙龙·翻译组,致力于将英文世界的好文章搬进中文世界——
瀑布与汲泵
辉格
2014年5月7日
人们在评价一个社会时,常把阶层间的流动性作为一个重要指标,认为适当的流动性是一个健康而有活力社会的应有特性,它可以为奋斗、进取和各种创造性活动提供动力,让身处下层者不至于丧失希望而产生反社会倾向,也让身居高位者不会过于安逸乃至腐化堕落。
在观察社会流动性时,一个最常用的指标,是当前的成功(其衡量标准无非是财富、权力、身份和影响力)人士中,有多少是出身寒微者,假如这个比例相当高,就说明出身寒微的孩子凭借天赋、努力和运气,很有希望跻身于比他父母所在的更高阶层,这样的社会就是富有流动性的,所谓美国梦,说的便是美国社会为此类进取和发达提供了远比其他社会更广阔的机会。
但其实我们还可以从另一个方面观察流动性,看看上一代的高地位人群中,其子女有多少跌落到了比他们父母更低的地位,正如向上爬升的机会是一种激励,向下跌落的风险同样也是一种激励,它激励身居高位者做出种种努力,设法让后代和自己一样享有优越条件和高地位;实际上,在许多传统社会,阶层间流动性往往更多的表现为后一种。
在 标签:
高考折射出的身份焦虑
辉格
2012年6月12日
每年高考,家长好像都比孩子更紧张,而且表现的一年比一年夸张,拥挤在大门口守候已是稀松平常,为调整状态提前一两个月到宾馆开“备考房”,全家出动当保镖护卫孩子赴考场,迟到了跪求门卫,甚至对附近马路实施“交通管制”,“我们家孩子今天高考”俨然已成为要求邻居和市民给予特权待遇的响亮理由。
有人说,家长对高考如此紧张,是因为中国的社会上升通道狭窄,且多半已被特权阶层垄断,留给普通大众的进身之阶只有高考这座独木桥了,而且,诸多个人发展机会中,唯有高考算是机会较均等(more...)
【2012-06-09】
@当时我就震惊了: 这是天涯上一个网友发的帖子,看了之后觉得真的无语!!(转)
@章立凡:[高考已成拜物教]试问还有哪个国家
@简直: 云世袭把船票瓜分尽净,底层为最后一根稻草大打出手。问题不在高考,高考是古代中国的伟大发明中,惟一一个还在为这社会努力减压的。
@黄章晋ster: 云世袭——年度闪光。
@whigzhou: 把高考换成其他某些事也差不多,我看主要还是不把孩子当人
@whigzhou: 船票说根本站不住脚,我们那时候高考(more...)